1. Abolitionism HIS 265

2. Gradual Emancipation American Colonization Society (1817- 1964) favored gradual, compensated manumission & “returning” freed blacks to Africa Paul Cuffee (1759-1817) was mixed- race Quaker ship captain who took 38 to Sierra Leone James Madison & Henry Clay were leaders Liberia founded in 1821 13,000 immigrants, 1817-67 Became independent nation in 1847 ACS continued settling African Americans in Liberia after the Civil War

3. Liberia Pres. Joseph J. Roberts First Lady Jane Roberts

4. Immediate Emancipation American Antislavery Society (1833-70) demanded immediate, uncompen-sated emancipation & black citizenship William Lloyd Garrison began publishing The Liberator in 1831 American Moral Reform Society linked abolition to other evangelical reform efforts Arthur & Lewis Tappan founded American & Foreign Anti-Slavery Society and the Liberty Party in 1840 broke with Garrison over women’s rights & political participation James G. Birney ran as Liberty Party pres. Candidate in 1840 & 1844 merged with Free Soil party in 1848, which merged into Republican party in 1856 William Lloyd Garrison Theodore Weld

5. Black Abolitionists Frederick Douglass (1818-95) escaped from slavery in 1838 published Narrative in 1845 began publishing North Star in 1847 Henry Highland Garnet (1815-82) escaped from slavery in 1824 became Presbyterian minister in 1842 supported emigration until Civil War Sojourner Truth (1797-1883) born Isabella Baumfree escaped from Dumonts in 1827 became involved with Matthias cult advocated westward emigration & creation of “Negro state” Frederick Douglass Henry Highland Garnet

6. The Underground Railroad Not as organized or as secretive as later legend made it Most escapees from Upper South Perhaps as many as 100,000 Free blacks organized & led many of the Vigilance Committees William Still in Philadelphia David Ruggles in New York Harriet Tubman (1819-1913) was most famous “conductor” escaped at age 30 led some 300 others to freedom served as scout, spy & nurse in Civil War

7. Levi Coffin House, Ohio

8. The Amistad Case Joseph Cinque & 48 others kidnapped in Sierra Leone Sold in Havana to Jose Ruiz & Pedro Montes in June 1839 Cinque led mutiny July 1, 1839 Amistad captured by U.S.S. Washington & brought to New London, CT Aug. 26 D.A. William Holabird charged Cinque & others with piracy & murder Defense team led by J.Q. Adams Judge Andrew Judson ruled Jan. 13, 1840 that defendents were born free, and therefore not guilty Decision upheld by Supreme Court March 9, 1840

9. Freedom Schooner Amistad