1. __________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ HEP AP AARD sub-panel, Feb. 17 th, 2006 1 The Fermilab/NICADD * Photoinjector Laboratory (FNPL) * NICADD: Northern Illinois Center for Accelerator & Detector Development http://www.nicadd.niu.edu/fnpl/ P. Piot, Northern Illinois University & Fermilab

2. __________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ HEP AP AARD sub-panel, Feb. 17 th, 2006 2 Started as a vision (by a small group of people) ~10 years ago to get FNAL involved in the TESLA collaboration. Hardware contributions from Cornell, DESY, INFN, NIU, Orsay, UCLA, U. of Rochester, Saclay,… Main goals: –Scientific: beam optimizations and manipulations, advanced accelerator concepts, and beam diagnostics, –Educational: train future accelerator physicist (average of 1phD/year), –Technical: rf-gun and photocathode laser system for TESLA, superconducting rf R&D associated LLRF. Introduction

3. __________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ HEP AP AARD sub-panel, Feb. 17 th, 2006 3 Overview 1.3 GHz rf-gun with CsTe photocathode → Q< 20 nC TESLA SCRF cavity (f=1.3 GHz) → E=16 MeV Magnetic bunch compressor → I~2 kA (depends on Q) Diagnostics suite: –Transverse spot sizes: OTR and YAG-based screens –Bunch length (streak camera, coherent transition radiation) –Emittance: single shot multi-slit masks –Spectrometer User area for external user experiment

4. __________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ HEP AP AARD sub-panel, Feb. 17 th, 2006 4 Physicists: –Students Currently: 3 graduate students (2 FNAL/Universities, 1 U. of Rochester) Average: 2 graduates per year; 1 supported by FNAL –Postdoctoral research associates Currently: 1 (supported by FNAL) Average: 2 per year (supported by FNAL) + visitors of external institution (essentially NIU, UCLA, UR) Technical staff: –1 engineer –3 technicians (partially working at FNPL) Staffing

5. __________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ HEP AP AARD sub-panel, Feb. 17 th, 2006 5 Review and experiments approval: –FNPL has its own review committee chaired by Prof. K.-J. Kim (U. of Chicago & ANL) –FNPL is also ~yearly reviewed by the FNAL Accelerator Advisory Committee (AAC) a DOE Committee Funding sources: –DOE: average 1 M$/yr –NICADD: ~200 k$/yr FY01, 02, 03 & 04, ended in 05 External user teams + contribution include: –DESY, LBNL, NIU, UCLA, UIUC, U. of Rochester, etc… Organization & Sources of Funding

6. __________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ HEP AP AARD sub-panel, Feb. 17 th, 2006 6 Education: –Contributed to the training of ~10 PhD students Technology: –Designed, built, delivered an injector (rf-gun + injector beamline components) for TESLA test facility (TTF-1) at DESY Science: –Proof-of principle of flat beam production in a photo- injector –Plasma-wakefield acceleration and plasma lens in under- dense regime, –Laser capable of providing ILC-type macropulse format –Beam diagnostics Significant achievements

7. __________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ HEP AP AARD sub-panel, Feb. 17 th, 2006 7 Graduated: 1.Eric Colby, PhD, UCLA, 1997 (J. Rosenzweig) 2.Alan Fry, PhD, U. of Rochester, 1998 (A. Melissinos) 3.Michael Fitch, PhD, U. of Rochester, 2000 (A. Melissinos) 4.Jean-Paul Carneiro, PhD, U. Paris XI France, 2001 (J. Le Duff) 5.Matt Thompson, PhD, UCLA, 2004 (J. Rosenzweig) 6.Dan Bollinger, MS, Northern Illinois University, 2005 (C. Bohn) 7.Yin-e Sun, PhD, U. of Chicago, 2005 (K.-J. Kim) Present: 1.Rodion Tikhoplav, U. of Rochester (A. Melissinos) 2.Timothy Koeth, Rutgers University (S. Schnetzer) 3.Arthur Paytyan, Yerevan State University, Armenia (E. Laziev) People Fellows: –Markus Huening, (from DESY) –Philippe Piot, (from DESY) Undergraduates: –UIUC + summer students * Sponsored by the Fermilab/universities PhD program in accelerator physics Education

8. __________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ HEP AP AARD sub-panel, Feb. 17 th, 2006 8 R&D on RF-gun Developed an rf-gun for DESY –Supported test on multi-bunch studies, –Provided beam for first proof-of- principle in uv regime of SASE FEL RF-gun characterization at FNAL –Dark-current, beam measu- rements, breakdown problems (similar to NLC structures) D. Mihalcea (NIU), R. Tikhoplav (Rochester) TESLA collaboration R.Fliller (FNAL), W. Hartung (MSU)

9. __________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ HEP AP AARD sub-panel, Feb. 17 th, 2006 9 based on emittance transfer between the two transverse degree-of-freedoms Achieved a transverse emittance ratio of ~100 (resolution limited) Smaller emittance 0.4 mm-mrad Photoinjector production of flat beams Y.-E Sun (U. of Chicago)

10. __________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ HEP AP AARD sub-panel, Feb. 17 th, 2006 10 Plasma wakefield acceleration & focusing N. Barov (NIU/UCLA) Matt Thompson (UCLA) OFFON Application to next LC Achieved average accelerating gradient of 130 MeV/m Observed time-dependent focusing in a plasma lens operating in under- dense regime

11. __________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ HEP AP AARD sub-panel, Feb. 17 th, 2006 11 Photocathode drive-laser R&D Build and operated a photocathode drive laser capable of matching ILC requirement, Recently upgraded the laser (new oscillator, capability of flat- top time profile, imaging system, etc…) J. Li and R. Tikhoplav (U. of Rochester)

12. __________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ HEP AP AARD sub-panel, Feb. 17 th, 2006 12 Bunch length measurement –Coherent transition radiation –Electro-optical sampling Characterization of magnetized beams D. Mihalcea (NIU) Y.-E Sun (U. of Chicago) M. Fitch (U. of Rochester) Beam diagnostics

13. __________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ HEP AP AARD sub-panel, Feb. 17 th, 2006 13 Mid- & long-term goals Mid-term: –Injector for ILC module test facility, –Continue numerical models validation –Emittance manipulations –3.9 GHz cavities R&D Deflecting mode (beam diagnostics + emittance exchanger) Accelerating mode for longitudinal phase space linearization –Beam intrumentation & controls Diagnostics Kicker for ILC damping ring Low-level rf control system –Laser R&D Long-term: –Rf-gun based polarized electron sources for ILC –Further emittance manipulations/exchanges between the three degree-of-freedoms

14. __________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ HEP AP AARD sub-panel, Feb. 17 th, 2006 14 Upgrade plans: injector for ILC module test facility Tradition to combine physics, education and technology in an improved environment An upgraded version of FNPL will serve as an injector for the ILC module test facility

15. __________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ HEP AP AARD sub-panel, Feb. 17 th, 2006 15 Beam manipulations Accelerating mode cavity: (generic to magnetic bunch compression) Longitudinal-to-transverse emittance exchange (proposed by Emma & Cornacchia of SLAC). Application to –FELs –Linear colliders T. Koeth (Rutgers)

16. __________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ HEP AP AARD sub-panel, Feb. 17 th, 2006 16 Instrumentation Beam diagnostics –Electro-optical imaging, –ILC diagnostics: Bunch length Transverse density ILC kicker work Courtesy G. Gollin (UIUC) T. Koeth (Rutgers University)

17. __________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ HEP AP AARD sub-panel, Feb. 17 th, 2006 17 Laser R&D Improve photo-cathode drive laser –Long pulse amplification, –Improved stability –laser 3D distribution –… Continue laser work on TEM* 01 mode (donut-shaped mode) for laser-based acceleration R. Tikhoplav (U. of Rochester)

18. __________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ HEP AP AARD sub-panel, Feb. 17 th, 2006 18 Polarized e- sources N (or He) cooled rf-gun (FNAL + AES) Plane wave transformer rf-gun (proposed SBIR with Duly Inc.) Superconducting rf-gun (proposed SBIR with AES in collaboration with BNL, and JLAB) R. Fliller (FNAL) Courtesy D. Yu (Duly Inc.)

19. __________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ HEP AP AARD sub-panel, Feb. 17 th, 2006 19 Summary Over the past years FNPL has made significant contributed to AARD: –Plasma-wakefield acceleration, –Beam manipulation/emittance exchanges. 6 PhD’s and 1 MS were granted; 3 graduates students are currently doing researches at FNPL. Strong collaborations with US Universities and Research Institutes (within US and abroad) helped a lot Fermilab support (staff & financial) should be increased to make FNPL a more competitive AARD user facility. Better FNAL recognition of this acc physics activity and better technical support are necessary Integrating FNPL in a well-supported ILC module test facility will hopefully foster a strong AARD program in parallel to ILC-related R&D.