1. The Home Front

2. Dec. 9, 1941 FDR’s message…

3. Revenge

5. What strains did war place on families? Housing shortages… Rationing… Balancing work and households… Lack of child care… Latchkey kids… Juvenile delinquency… High school drop-outs…

6. Ration coupons for meat, milk, sugar, cheese, coffee, butter, and gasoline

9. Family Life on the Home front  Between 1940- 1943 more than a million more couples married than if had there been no war  By 1946 divorces skyrocketed  Housing Shortage-Federal Gov. build 2 million new homes  Juvenile Delinquency increased during the war  By 1944 High School enrollments decreased by 1.2 million “Back to School Campaign”  More books, magazines and baseball  60% of Americans viewed movies per week

11. Other war time trends? Marriage rate up… Incomes up…. Divorce rate up… Public health improved… Death rate down…

12. “Economic conditions are ripe for a rush to the alter”

13. Japanese Internment  Fear of invasion and lack of loyalty  0.1% of US Pop.  Executive Order 9066  civil rights were suspended  the army began rounding up Japanese citizens  Japanese Americans  West Coast were given one week  transported to camps in UT, CO, AK, ID,AZ,WY, and CA.  120,000 people

15. Internment Notice: FDR issued Executive Order # 9066

27. Topaz Internment Camp

35. 442nd Japanese American Unit KIA WIAMIA Total Naples- Foggia Campaign 1394423584 Rome-Arno Campaign 2391,016171,272 Rhineland Campaign- Vosges 160 1,220421,422 Rhineland Campaign- Maritime Alps 11 102 2 115 Po Valley Campaign 101 922 3 1,026 Total 650 3713* 67 4,419* KIA = Killed In Action (includes Died Of Wounds) WIA =442nd Regimental Combat Team Facts Wounded In Action (includes Injured In Action) *Includes 15 WIA/IIA in 442nd Anti-Tank Company at Southern France Campaign (invasion) Source: U.S. Army Mediterranean Theater of Operations Information- Education Section. The Story of the 442nd Combat Team, Composed of: 442nd Infantry Regiment, 522nd Field Artillery Battalion, 232nd Combat Engineer Company, 1945.442nd Regimental Combat Team Facts

36. F. Korematsu In 1942 convicted of “being in a place from which all persons of Japanese ancestry were excluded”

37. In 1988 survivors were awarded $20,000. Korematsu with reparations check.

38. 1998 President Clinton awards the Presidential Medal of Freedom

39. Results of Internment  Japanese Americans lost homes and businesses valued at $500 million  Korematsu vs the US (1944) The Supreme Court upheld the relocation on the grounds of national security  In 1988 the US Congress gave reparations of $20,000 to each internee and a public apology to each of the 60,000 surviving victims

40. The citation in part read… “Fred Korematsu challenged our Nation’s conscience, reminding us that we must uphold the rights of our own citizens even as we fight tyranny in other lands.” President W.J Clinton

41. Civil Rights & Race Riots Why was the goal of fighting for democracy in Europe viewed as hypocritical to most African Americans?...

43. What was the “Double V” campaign? Destroy racism at home and abroad Victory on battlefield and over racial discrimination Black support of war hinged upon America’s commitment to racial justice

48. How was A. Philip Randolph a leader in civil rights? President of the Sleeping Car Porters Union… Organized a march on Washington demanding that the gov’t open jobs in the defense industry to blacks Met with FDR and demanded –An end of segregation & discrimination in gov’t hiring. –An end to segregation in the military. –An end to discrimination & segregation in all employment. Executive Order 8802… Fair Employment Practices Commission…

49. Discrimination and Reaction  Between 1940 and 1944 the % of African Americans working in skilled or semi-skilled jobs rose from 16% to 30%  In 1942 civil rights leader James Farmer founded the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) to combat urban segregation  Detroit Race Riot of 1943 – 3 days, 9 whites, and 25 blacks were killed, FDR sent in troops  A. Phillip Randolph’s efforts resulted in the FEPC  “Double V Campaign” started in Pitt. Pa

51. What were the goals of the NAACP? Anti – lynching and poll tax legislation End discrimination in the military End black disenfranchisement Membership grew from 50,000 in 1940 to 450,000 in 1945

52. Police and blacks at the Sojourner Truth Homes in 1942

53. Detroit 1943

54. White mob overturns a car belonging to a black man

57. What did blacks gain by the war experience? More blacks are voting… Other countries are aware of racism in the U.S… The U.S. appears hypocritical…. High expectations from blacks… 1 million blacks in the military – slowly begins to integrate…

58. Objective… Describe how racial intolerance on the home front effects Hispanics.

59. Zoot Suit Riots  200,000 Mexican Americans were legally brought to the US to work – Braceros  Many Mexican Americans lived in barrios  In 1943 Mexican Americans wore “Zoot Suits” as a symbol of rebellion  On June 4 th, 11 sailors claimed they were attacked, mobs violence erupted between servicemen and Zoot Suits, many young Mexican were beaten and jailed unjustly with 700 injured

61. Objective… Describe how the war effort affected popular culture

62. How did the war affect popular culture? “country” and “rhythm and blues” migrated North Patriotism and the concept of the “good war”… Sentimental… Anti-fascist… Super – hero – comics…