1. Protestant Reformation

2. A “protest” against church abuses, & a “reform” movement throughout the Christian Church.

3. Protestant Reformation: Background In Medieval times Christianity dominated the lives of people. In Medieval times Christianity dominated the lives of people. Since most people were uneducated, however, their understanding of Christianity was often distorted with some superstitions and imaginary concepts. Since most people were uneducated, however, their understanding of Christianity was often distorted with some superstitions and imaginary concepts. Fear of damnation in an afterlife was of major concern. Fear of damnation in an afterlife was of major concern.

4. Damned souls in Hell; 7 “deadly” sins

5. Last Judgment, Cathedral of Notre Dame

6. Angel & Devil at the last judgment

7. Reliquary Reliquaries held relics; “holy” things like bones of saints. Christians of Medieval Europe would often pay money to have relics placed in their homes. It was believed that these relics would make their homes holy and ensure an eternal after life in heaven.

8. One of the heads of St. John the Baptist

9. Relic: Arm of St. John the Baptist

10. Causes of the Protestant Reformation Causes of the Protestant Reformation Renaissance Education; critical thinking Renaissance Education; critical thinking Pope Leo X’s lifestyle Pope Leo X’s lifestyle Sale of Indulgences (remission of temporary punishment due to sin) Sale of Indulgences (remission of temporary punishment due to sin) Sale of Dispensations Sale of Dispensations Sale of Relics Sale of Relics Sale of Church offices Sale of Church offices

11. The Protestant Reformation * People starting to get upset with the Catholic church for: The Church’s love for luxury The Church’s love for luxury Selling of indulgences Selling of indulgences Morally corrupt officials Morally corrupt officials Popes would compete with kings for power causing wars. Popes would compete with kings for power causing wars.

12. Jan Huss One critic of the Church was Jan Huss. One critic of the Church was Jan Huss. - Preacher at Oxford University - Believed all Christians formed a “priesthood of believers. - Believed state was supreme over the church. Because of his beliefs he was…burned at the stake Because of his beliefs he was…burned at the stake Because of Hus more and more people spoke out against the church. Because of Hus more and more people spoke out against the church.

13. Englishman John Wycliffe believed church should give up earthly possessions His views unpopular with church officials Was removed from teaching position John Wycliffe Early Reformers

14. Indulgences Money given to the church so that sins could be forgiven. They could also be obtained in exchange for money gifts to the church. Money given to the church so that sins could be forgiven. They could also be obtained in exchange for money gifts to the church. More and more people protested such practices that started the Protestant Reformation. More and more people protested such practices that started the Protestant Reformation. Before, the church would only sell indulgences for good deeds. Before, the church would only sell indulgences for good deeds.

15. Luther’s Protest Martin Luther 1483-1546 Martin Luther 1483-1546 He was a German monk and professor of theology at the University of Wittenberg in the German city of Saxony. He was a German monk and professor of theology at the University of Wittenberg in the German city of Saxony. Through his studies he began to question the church’s practice on the sell of indulgences. Through his studies he began to question the church’s practice on the sell of indulgences. John Teztel, an indulgence seller in Wittenberg for the rebuilding of St. Peters Cathedral in Rome, was the final straw for Luther. John Teztel, an indulgence seller in Wittenberg for the rebuilding of St. Peters Cathedral in Rome, was the final straw for Luther. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oZ4URCVook4 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oZ4URCVook4 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oZ4URCVook4

16. Luther in protest posted his 95 thesis on the door of Wittenberg’s All Saints Church. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CPbEkWG Kxzw Luther in protest posted his 95 thesis on the door of Wittenberg’s All Saints Church. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CPbEkWG Kxzw https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CPbEkWG Kxzw https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CPbEkWG Kxzw In response the Pope told Luther to recant or take back his ideas. In response the Pope told Luther to recant or take back his ideas. Luther declined and was excommunicated. Luther declined and was excommunicated. The new HRE Charles V summoned Luther to the Diet of Worms, or the assembly of German princes. Luther again refused to take back what he had said. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I1YS5JuVGUA The new HRE Charles V summoned Luther to the Diet of Worms, or the assembly of German princes. Luther again refused to take back what he had said. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I1YS5JuVGUA https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I1YS5JuVGUA

17. Luther’s Teachings Fredrick of Saxony rescued Luther and housed him. There Luther wrote down his theology. Fredrick of Saxony rescued Luther and housed him. There Luther wrote down his theology. 1. Salvation was achieved through faith alone. 2. Bible was the sole source of religious truth. 3. Priesthood of all believers – All Christians had equal access to God through faith and the Bible He translated the Bible into the German vernacular. He translated the Bible into the German vernacular. Permitted the clergy to marry. Permitted the clergy to marry. All of these beliefs were adopted by the Lutheran churches that were set up by Luther’s followers. All of these beliefs were adopted by the Lutheran churches that were set up by Luther’s followers.

18. John Calvin The most important reformer after Luther. The most important reformer after Luther. Preached predestination, the idea that God had long ago determined who would gain salvation. Preached predestination, the idea that God had long ago determined who would gain salvation. Believed there were two kinds of people. Believed there were two kinds of people. 1. Saints 2. Sinners Calvin set up a theocracy, or government run by church leaders in Geneva, Switzerland. Calvin set up a theocracy, or government run by church leaders in Geneva, Switzerland. - Calvinist Geneva seemed a model community. - There were punishments for fighting, swearing, laughing in church, or dancing. As Calvinism began to spread set off wars across Europe mainly with the Catholic Church. As Calvinism began to spread set off wars across Europe mainly with the Catholic Church.

19. Spread of Lutheran Ideas By the 1530’s the Lutherans were using a name to protest papal authority. They now called themselves Protestants. By the 1530’s the Lutherans were using a name to protest papal authority. They now called themselves Protestants. The Peace of Augsburg signed in 1555 allowed each prince to decide which religion, Catholic or Lutheran, would be followed in his lands. The Peace of Augsburg signed in 1555 allowed each prince to decide which religion, Catholic or Lutheran, would be followed in his lands.

20. Invention of the Printing Press 1456 Johann Gutenberg created a movable metal type on a machine 1456 Johann Gutenberg created a movable metal type on a machine The Printing Press helped to spread ideas of the Protestant Reformation. The Printing Press helped to spread ideas of the Protestant Reformation.