2. AP Biology A A A A T C G C G T G C T

3. Macromolecules: Nucleic Acids  Examples:  RNA (ribonucleic acid)  single helix  DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)  double helix  Structure:  monomers = nucleotides RNADNA

4. AP Biology Nucleotides  3 parts  nitrogen base (C-N ring)  pentose sugar (5C)  ribose in RNA  deoxyribose in DNA  phosphate (PO 4 ) group Are nucleic acids charged molecules? Nitrogen base I’m the A,T,C,G or U part!

5. AP Biology Types of nucleotides  2 types of nucleotides  different nitrogen bases  purines  double ring N base  adenine (A)  guanine (G)  pyrimidines  single ring N base  cytosine (C)  thymine (T)  uracil (U) Purine = AG Pure silver!

6. AP Biology Nucleic polymer  Backbone  sugar to PO 4 bond  phosphodiester bond  new base added to sugar of previous base  polymer grows in one direction  N bases hang off the sugar-phosphate backbone Dangling bases? Why is this important?

7. AP Biology Pairing of nucleotides  Nucleotides bond between DNA strands  H bonds  purine :: pyrimidine  A :: T  2 H bonds  G :: C  3 H bonds Matching bases? Why is this important?

8. AP Biology DNA molecule  Double helix  H bonds between bases join the 2 strands  A :: T  C :: G H bonds? Why is this important?

9. AP Biology Copying DNA  Replication  2 strands of DNA helix are complementary  have one, can build other  have one, can rebuild the whole Matching halves? Why is this a good system?

10. AP Biology When does a cell copy DNA?  When in the life of a cell does DNA have to be copied?  cell reproduction  mitosis  gamete production  meiosis

11. AP Biology But how is DNA copied?  Replication of DNA  base pairing suggests that it will allow each side to serve as a template for a new strand

12. AP Biology  Replication Video Replication Video

13. AP Biology DNA Replication Issues 1. DNA strands must be unwound during replication  DNA helicase  unwinds the strands  Single stranded binding proteins (SSB)  prevent immediate reformation of the double helix  Topoisomerases  “untying” the knots that form

14. AP Biology DNA Replication  DNA has directionality  5’ end  End with the hanging phosphate group  3’ end  Has an unbonded –OH group on the sugar

15. AP Biology Replication Issues 2. A new DNA strand can only elongate in the 5’  3’ direction  DNA polymerase can add only at the 3’ end  Replication is continuous on one strand  Leading Strand  discontinuous on the other  Lagging strand  Okazaki fragments

16. AP Biology Okazaki fragments  Synthesis of the leading strand is continuous  The lagging strand (discontinuous) is synthesized in pieces called Okazaki fragments

17. AP Biology

18. Replication Issues 3. DNA polymerase cannot initiate synthesis because it can only add nucleotides to end of an existing chain  Requires a “primer” to get the chain started  RNA Primase  can start an RNA chain from a single template strand  DNA polymerase can begin its chain after a few RNA nucleotides have been added

19. AP Biology

20. Summary  At the replication fork, the leading strand is copied continuously into the fork from a single primer  Lagging strand is copied away from the fork in short okazaki fragments, each requiring a new primer

21. AP Biology

22. Learning Check 1. What is the purpose of DNA replication? 2. How is the new strand ensured to be identical to the original strand? 3. How is replication on one side of the strand different from the other side?

23. AP Biology Replication Issues 4. Presence of RNA primer on the 5’ ends of daughter DNA leading strand leaves a gap of uncopied DNA  Repeated rounds of replication produce shorter and shorter DNA molecules  Telomeres  protect genes from being eroded through multiple rounds of DNA replication

24. AP Biology Telomeres  Ends of eukaryotic chromosomes, the telomeres, have special nucleotide sequences  Humans - this sequence is typically TTAGGG, repeated 100 - 1,000 times  Telomerase adds a short molecule of RNA as a template to extend the 3’ end  Room for primase & DNA pol to extend 5’ end

25. AP Biology Summary  Explain how the cell overcomes each of the following issues in DNA replication 1. DNA strands must be unwound during replication 2. A new DNA strand can only elongate in the 5’  3’ direction 3. DNA polymerase cannot initiate synthesis and can only add nucleotides to end of an existing chain 4. Presence of RNA primer on the 5’ ends of daughter DNA leading strand leaves a gap of uncopied DNA