2. MAGNITUDE 6.7 EARTHQUAKE STRIKES CENTRAL JAPAN Saturday, November 22, 2014 Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna, Virginia, USA Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna, Virginia, USA

3. The magnitude-6.7 earthquake struck shortly after 10 p.m. Saturday west of Nagano city at a shallow depth of 5 kilometers (3 miles)

4. INITIAL IMPACTS The hardest-hit area appeared to be Hakuba, which hosted events in the 1998 winter games. At least 50 homes destroyed in two villages 41 people injured across the region, including seven seriously

5. DAMAGE: HAKUBA

6. INITIAL IMPACTS Buildings in various states of collapse; some flattened and others leaning to one side Deep cracks in the roads A landslide spilled onto a railroad track, stopping service

7. INITIAL IMPACTS People helped each other; 20 people trapped in the rubble were saved. 200 people from Hakuba and Otari were evacuated to shelters Bullet train service restored

8. EARTHQUAKES Background

9. COMMUNITYCOMMUNITY DATA BASES AND INFORMATION HAZARDS: GROUND SHAKING GROUND FAILURE SURFACE FAULTING TECTONIC DEFORMATION TSUNAMI RUN UP AFTERSHOCKS HAZARD MAPS INVENTORY VULNERABILITY LOCATION RISK ASSESSMENT RISK ACCEPTABLE RISK UNACCEPTABLE RISK QUAKE DISASTER RISK REDUCTION PREVENTION/MITIGATION PREPAREDNESS EMERGENCY RESPONSE RECOVERY and RECONSTRUCTION POLICY OPTIONS

10. EARTHQUAKE HAZARD MODEL EARTHQUAKE HAZARD MODEL SEISMICITY TECTONIC SETTING & FAULTS TECTONIC SETTING & FAULTS

11. EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS (AKA POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS)

12. TECTONIC DEFORMATION EARTHQUAKE TSUNAMI GROUND SHAKING FAULT RUPTURE FOUNDATION FAILURE SITE AMPLIFICATION LIQUEFACTION LANDSLIDESAFTERSHOCKSSEICHE DAMAGE/LOSS DAMAGE/ LOSS DAMAGE/LOSS

13. EARTHQUAKE RISK ASSESSMENT

14. HAZARDSHAZARDS ELEMENTS OF RISK EXPOSUREEXPOSURE VULNERABILITYVULNERABILITY LOCATIONLOCATION RISKRISK

15. RISK ASSESSMENT FOR A COMMUNITY RISK = HAZARD x EXPOSURE EARTHQUAKE: EXPOSURE: PEOPLE BUILDING STOCK INFRASTRUCTURE GOVERNMENT AND BUSINESS ENTERPRISE

16. EXPOSURE MODEL EXPOSURE MODEL LOCATION OF STRUCTURE IMPORTANCE AND VALUE OF STRUCTURE AND CONTENTS

17. VULNERABILITY MODEL VULNERABILITY MODEL QUALITY OF DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION ADEQUACY OF LATERAL-FORCE RESISTING SYSTEM

18. UNREINFORCED MASONRY, BRICK OR STONE REINFORCED CONCRETE WITH UNREINFORCED WALLS INTENSITY REINFORCED CONCRETE WITH REINFORCEDWALLS STEEL FRAME ALL METAL & WOOD FRAME VVIVIIVIIIIX 3530 25 20 15 10 5 0 MEAN DAMAGE RATIO, % OF REPLACEMENT VALUE CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS HAVE DIFFERENT VULNERABILITIES TO GROUND SHAKING

19. OUTPUT HIGH RISK BUILDINGS HIGH RISK AREAS GEOLOGIC, SOILS, AND SLOPES LAND USE LAND USE CONSTRUCTION TYPES CONSTRUCTION TYPES SPECIAL BUILDINGS SPECIAL BUILDINGS RISK ASSESSMENT 1. DATA 2. EVALUTION NEEDS FOR LOSS- REDUCTION MEASURES

20. DAMAGE INJURIES UNACCEPTABLE RISK COLLAPSE DEATHS LOSS OF FUNCTION ECONOMIC LOSS RISKRISK

21. INADEQUATE RESISTANCE TO HORIZONTAL GROUND SHAKING EARTHQUAKES SOIL AMPLIFICATION PERMANENT DISPLACEMENT (SURFACE FAULTING & GROUND FAILURE) IRREGULARITIES IN ELEVATION AND PLAN FIRE FOLLOWING RUPTURE OF UTILITIES LACK OF DETAILING AND CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS INATTENTION TO NON- STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS CAUSES OF DAMAGE “DISASTER LABORATORIES”

22. HIGH VELOCITY IMPACT OF INCOMING WAVES TSUNAMIS INLAND DISTANCE OF WAVE RUNUP VERTICAL HEIGHT OF WAVE RUNUP INADEQUATE RESISTANCE OF BUILDINGS FLOODING INADEQUATE HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL EVACUATION PROXIMITY TO SOURCE OF TSUNAMI CAUSES OF DAMAGE “DISASTER LABORATORIES”