1. Lee Pashos

2.  Rise and fall of civilizations (military leaders)  Spread of major religions (missionaries)  Conflict between major religions (military leaders)  Development of trade networks (merchants)  Urbanization (peasants)  Deepening of Social Inequality (peasants or women)

3.  Godefroy de Bouillon – founder of Kingdom of Jerusalem  Saladin – recaptured the holy lands from the Christians  Louis IX – organized the 8 th and final crusade  Al-Kamil – fought against the Christians in the 5 th crusade  Frederick II - Leader of 6 th crusade

4.  Saladin was usually victorious in battle  Captures almost every crusader city  Recaptures Jerusalem in 1187  Christians are unsuccessful after Saladin’s conquests  Offered generous terms of surrender wherever he conquered  Well respected among European leaders

5. The crusades were fought only because of religion. If it wasn’t for the Christian’s establishment of kingdoms in Muslim territory, Saladin would have never had to retake areas. Saladin was just a part of a larger trend in the postclassical period.