1. There are 4 determinants of health and development 1.Biological determinant 2.Behavioural determinant 3.Physical environment 4.Social environment

2.  Factors that influence health  Can increase the chance of ill health (risk factors) or good health (protective factors)  Determinants of health can act in combination  Determinant of health can be applied to an individual (e.g. you) or to a population (e.g. Australia) What are ‘determinants of health’?

3.  Any factor representing a greater risk of a health disorder or other unwanted condition or event is known as a risk factor  Examples are:  low socioeconomic status, obesity  high blood  cholesterol  tobacco smoking Risk factors

4.  Any factor that reduces the risk of a health disorder or other unwanted condition or event is known as a protective factor.  Examples  Regular physical activity  High fruit and vegetable intake  Preventative health care  Social networks Protective factor

5.  Risk or protective factors that relate to the body and represent actual bodily states, for example:  Genetics  blood pressure  blood cholesterol  body weight  impaired glucose regulation Biological determinants of health & development

6. Genetics 3 per cent of babies in Australia are born with a genetic disorder. examples of genetic diseases whereby a mutation or abnormality in one of more genes or chromosomes results in a particular illness. haemophilia, cystic fibrosis, sickle-cell anaemia, Down syndrome, muscular dystrophy and phenylketonuria There is also genetic predisposition to some conditions such as diabetes and heart disease (family history) Each of us has a genetic blueprint, inherited from our biological parents, that determine our physical characteristics Gender (male or female); body size, shape & composition; & the timing of physical changes such as puberty & growth.

7.  High blood pressure (hypertension) is a major risk factor for coronary heart disease, stroke, heart failure and kidney failure.  It accounts for 8% of burden of disease in Australia Blood pressure

8.  High blood cholesterol is a major risk factor for coronary heart disease and ischaemic stroke.  High blood cholesterol is estimated to cause around 6 per cent of the total burden of disease among Australians blood cholesterol

9.  World Health Organization (WHO) has labelled obesity a global epidemic  Being overweight or obese increases the risk of developing type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, high blood pressure, certain cancers, sleep apnoea, osteoarthritis, psychological disorders and social problems  7.6 per cent of the total burden of disease Body weight

10. Factors related to behaviour… lifestyle choices and decisions, such as: – Physical Activity – dietary behaviour – Sun Protection – Alcohol and Substance Use – Sexual Practices – Seeking Help From Health Professionals – Tobacc0 use Behavioural determinant

11. You are what you eat? What does this saying mean??? *The food intake of a young person can have a huge impact on their health & development. *Even in Australia, where a large variety of foods are readily available, malnutrition (insufficient, excessive or imbalanced consumption of nutrients) can occur due to people constantly making poor choices about what they eat.

12. * This can affect a persons ability to reach their full genetic potential- what do you think this mean??? * In Australia only 26% of young people aged 12-18 years met the fruit consumption guidelines and 47% met the recommended daily consumption of vegetables. * This low consumption of fruit & vegetables is indicative of the type of food intake that can lead to malnourishment & nutritional deficiencies *Growth during the youth stage of the lifespan requires increased nutritional needs due to the rapid growth and changes in the body.

13.  Having a healthy food intake will help you reach your full genetic potential. It will also reduce your risk for many diseases such as: -Cancer -Heart Disease -Nutritional Deficiencies e.g. anaemia Eating healthy will also have benefits such as: -Helping maintain a healthy weight -Helping the functioning of the immune system -Helping maintain healthy gums, bones, skin, hair and teeth etc. -It is also important to note that eating disorders are most prevalent amongst youth & can have devastating outcomes on someone’s health & development

14.  Substance abuse includes the use of illicit drugs, tobacco and alcohol.  Substance abuse can lead to many short & long terms effects, such as making poor choices, addiction, hospitalisation, accidents, conflict with friends, family financial difficulties, mental illness, organ damage, cancer http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PA1gDo4OXp4 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PA1gDo4OXp4 and….can often leave you waiting for mate

15. Activity 3 -Case Study: Just Waiting For a Mate… Featuring- Senior Constable Ash Bowden, Clinton & James….. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aByTWtwb4ME After watching the above clip, answer the following questions: 1.How does this film clip relate to substance abuse? 2.What short term effect has alcohol abuse had on Clinton? 3.What are the long terms effects that alcohol abuse could have on Clinton’s health & development?

16.  Factors related to where we live, work or spend most of our time, such as:  Housing Environment  Fresh food  Clean water  Home free of tobacco smoke  Access to sporting and recreational facilities  Work environment Physical environment Why did I included the picture on the left 

17.  Shelter is a basic human right, and is an important influence on health & development.  In Australia the most common forms of homes are: - House - Unit - Flat - Caravan

18.  The purpose of a house is to provide protection against the elements and danger, as well as providing a place of rest.  In Australia, it also provides access to resources such as energy for cooking & warmth & access to a fresh and clean water supply- these are all resources that are required to facilitate health & development

19.  Can lead to poorer health & development, especially of young people.  Due to home life or financial constraints, some young people live in substandard or overcrowded dwellings & therefore are at an increased risk of poor health & development.  Poor housing conditions can lead to spread of infectious diseases and illnesses poor air quality, dampness or draughts, noise exposure, lack of security and possible exposure to illegal behaviour such as drug use or stealing Poor Housing Conditions….

20.  Factors related to family, friends and social interactions such as:  Family cohesion  Socioeconomic status of parents  Community participation  Access to education Social environment

21. Risk or protective factors that are based on society and the social environment: – socioeconomic status – stress – early life experiences – social exclusion – work – unemployment – social support  - media  Family cohesion Social environment

22. Education provides significant health & development benefits. Higher levels of education are associated with higher income and better employment prospects. It can also affect health directly by providing knowledge of health risks & skills for healthy lifestyles & gaining access to health services. *In Australia, individuals with higher levels of education report fewer illness & have better mental health than those with low levels of education ACCESS To

23. When a young person is being educated they should approach the learning process as one that will have long-term benefits. This will assist them to learn independently & develop literacy & numeracy skills to a level that enables them to cope with day to day living & further education Activity 4: In your workbooks explain how both Housing Environment & Access to Education can each impact on someone’s health & development either as a protective or a risk factor.