1. Theories of Personality

2. Psychoanalytic Approach see separate assignment. Questions from book. see separate assignment. Questions from book. Freud – Defense Mechanisms, 5 Stages of Development Freud – Defense Mechanisms, 5 Stages of Development Oral Oral Anal Anal Phallic Phallic Latency Latency Genital Genital

3. Learning Approach Watson claims that external forces or influences shape people’s preferences Watson claims that external forces or influences shape people’s preferences Skinner agrees – avoid trying to see into people’s minds. Skinner agrees – avoid trying to see into people’s minds.

4. Socialization – the process by which people learn the socially desirable behaviors of their particular culture and adopt them as part of their personalities. Socialization – the process by which people learn the socially desirable behaviors of their particular culture and adopt them as part of their personalities.

5. Social-Learning Theory – focus on the importance of observation and the role of the cognitive processes that produce individual differences. Social-Learning Theory – focus on the importance of observation and the role of the cognitive processes that produce individual differences.

6. The Learning Approach does not deal with thoughts, feelings or inner struggles The Learning Approach does not deal with thoughts, feelings or inner struggles

7. Humanistic Approach Self-Awareness is the very core of humanity. Self-Awareness is the very core of humanity. People are free to choose and are responsible for the choices they make. People are free to choose and are responsible for the choices they make.

8. Carl Rogers placed emphasis on the “self – concept” – a view of oneself as an individual Carl Rogers placed emphasis on the “self – concept” – a view of oneself as an individual Recognizing personal values and establishing relationships with others. Recognizing personal values and establishing relationships with others.

9. Congruence – the consistency between one’s self concept and one’s experience. (according to Rogers, this leads to happiness) Congruence – the consistency between one’s self concept and one’s experience. (according to Rogers, this leads to happiness)

10. Self-Esteem – a belief in oneself or self respect. Self-Esteem – a belief in oneself or self respect. Parents play a role in developing this Parents play a role in developing this We cannot live up to the wishes or expectations of others and be true to ourselves. We cannot live up to the wishes or expectations of others and be true to ourselves.

11. Critics of Humanistic Approach say that there is little mention of development of traits. They do not predict traits, abilities and interests that people will develop. Critics of Humanistic Approach say that there is little mention of development of traits. They do not predict traits, abilities and interests that people will develop.

12. Sociocultural Approach Focuses on the roles of ethnicity, gender and culture. Focuses on the roles of ethnicity, gender and culture. Individualism vs. Collectivism Individualism vs. Collectivism Americans and Europeans tend to be more Individual. “I’m outgoing” or “I’m a nurse” Americans and Europeans tend to be more Individual. “I’m outgoing” or “I’m a nurse”

13. Asians, Africans and S. Americans tend to be more Collectivists. “I’m a Buddhist” or “I’m Japanese” Asians, Africans and S. Americans tend to be more Collectivists. “I’m a Buddhist” or “I’m Japanese” Acculturation – the process of adapting to a new or different culture. Acculturation – the process of adapting to a new or different culture.

14. Sociocultural Factors and the Self Sociocultural Factors and the Self Self-concept is influenced by cultural factors. Studies show that the majority of white girls are not happy with their appearance. Self-concept is influenced by cultural factors. Studies show that the majority of white girls are not happy with their appearance.

15. This is probably due to influences in the media. This is probably due to influences in the media. However, more African-American girls are satisfied with the way they look. Girls who are satisfied with themselves have probably been taught that you do not have to meet the criteria established by the media or others. However, more African-American girls are satisfied with the way they look. Girls who are satisfied with themselves have probably been taught that you do not have to meet the criteria established by the media or others.