1. Doctoral Education in Architecture at ITU Fatma Erkök Gülsün Sağlamer Istanbul Technical University | Faculty of Architecture Workshop on Doctoral Education in Architecture İstanbul, 28 november 2011

2. Workshop on Doctoral Education in Architecture İstanbul, 28 november 2011 Outline: 1.Doctoral Education in ITU: the Start 2.Doctoral Education in ITU: Milestones 3.Doctoral Education in ITU: Institutes 4.Doctoral Education in ITU: Structure 5.Doctoral Education in ITU: Awards 6.Doctoral Education in Architecture at ITU 7.Evaluation of ITU case ııııııııııııııııııııııı

3.  Doctoral education at ITU started in the 1940s and the first doctoral grants were awarded in 1949  Previously, proficiency thesis was the requirement for academic promotions.  In 1949, the ITU senate decided to set a precondition for the senior academic staff (associate professorship and professorship) to have a doctoral degree, with possible differences of applications between the faculties.  The first doctoral admission in the Faculty of Architecture started in 1955, with the first PhD award given in 1960.  This change can be considered as an early driving force for the development of doctoral education at ITU. Workshop on Doctoral Education in Architecture İstanbul, 28 november 2011 1. Doctoral Education in ITU: the Start ııııııııııııııııııııııı

4. 1949Start of doctoral education in ITU 1969Restructuring of doctoral programmes 1982Programmes restructured with the establishment of YÖK (Higher Education Council) and the new law 2002Programs revised & restructured ııııııııııııııııııııııııııı 2. Doctoral Education in ITU: Milestones Workshop on Doctoral Education in Architecture İstanbul, 28 november 2011 ııııııııııııııııııııııı

5. 1949 Start of doctoral education in ITU - typical master-apprentice method - courses were not essential - 5-year educational program covering bachelor and master’s degrees together, title given as ‘diplomengineur’ and ‘architectural engineer’ 1969 Restructuring of doctoral programmes - introduction of more structured courses - passing from the 5 year continental European system to Anglo- American system of (4+2). - a fundamental reform comparable of the Bologna process of today Workshop on Doctoral Education in Architecture İstanbul, 28 november 2011 ııııııııııııııııııııııı

6. 1982 Programmes restructured with the establishment of YÖK - Passage to Anglo-American system - establishment of three institutes as graduate schools - organization of doctoral education as the responsibility of the individual faculties prior to 1982, was left to the institutes/graduate schools - courses to be completed at certain credit hours - courses + proficiency exam + dissertation - a clear rise in the # of doctoral students and awards in Turkey > total awards obtained in ITU in all fields from the start: 2011 > Awards after 1982: 1452 (% 72) > Total awards obtained in architecture: 434 > Awards after 1982: 321 (% 74) Workshop on Doctoral Education in Architecture İstanbul, 28 november 2011 ııııııııııııııııııııııı

7. 2002 Programs revised & restructured - overview of programs resulting in the closing of some inactive old programs and the launch of new programs - introduction of the thesis monitoring committee - organization of credit hours - increase of training elements / transferable skills - elaboration of proficiency exam The ongoing restructuring acts within the last 10 years include the increasing of the training elements (generic/transferable skills) for the candidates such as: language, communication, IT, and management skills. …with the aim to also prepare the candidate for industry Workshop on Doctoral Education in Architecture İstanbul, 28 november 2011 ııııııııııııııııııııııı

8.  Institute of Energy (2003)  Institute of Science and Technology (1982) (Graduate School of Science, Engineering and Technology)  Institute of Social Science (1982)  Institute of Informatics (1997)  Eurasia Institute of Earth Sciences (1996)  Institute of Earthquake Engineering and Disaster Management Sciences (2001) 3. Doctoral Education in ITU: Institutes Workshop on Doctoral Education in Architecture İstanbul, 28 november 2011 ııııııııııııııııııııııı

9.  Established in 1982 by the Rectorate for the organization of Master’s and doctorate programmes under the New Higher Education law.  Awards around 700 Master’s, 100 doctorates yearly  70 Master’s, 45 doctorate programmes  as the major institute providing graduate studies of the university, has awarded more than 6000 Master and Ph.D.s ITU Graduate School of Science, Engineering and Technology Workshop on Doctoral Education in Architecture İstanbul, 28 november 2011 ııııııııııııııııııııııı

10. Components: According to the graduate education regulation of ITU:  A PhD programme for students with an MSc degree consists of: (1) At least 8 courses contributing to at least 24 credits, (2) PhD Qualifying Exam, (3) PhD dissertation proposal, (4) PhD dissertation.  A PhD programme for students accepted with only a BSc degree consists of: (1) At least 15 courses contributing to at least 45 credits, (2) PhD Qualifying Exam, (3) PhD dissertation proposal, (4) PhD dissertation. Workshop on Doctoral Education in Architecture İstanbul, 28 november 2011 4. Doctoral Education in ITU: Structure ııııııııııııııııııııııı

11. Workshop on Doctoral Education in Architecture İstanbul, 28 november 2011 Course requirements:  The total of credits a student is required to take during PhD/Arts comprehensive education should consist of: (1) PhD/Arts comprehensive courses contributing to at least 50%, (2) Courses in English contributing to at least 30%.  The total of credits a PhD/Arts comprehensive student with only a BSc degree is required to take should consist of: (1) Mandatory courses of the MSc programme contributing to at least 25%, (2) PhD/Arts comprehensive courses contributing to at least 25%. ııııııııııııııııııııııı

12. Education period:  student with an MSc degree: 8 semesters  student with only a BSc degree: 10 semesters  completed in at least 5 semesters, with at least 2 semesters of dissertation work. Dissertation stage: Every 6 months the thesis monitoring committee evaluates the developments for each doctoral student based on written report and oral exam. Workshop on Doctoral Education in Architecture İstanbul, 28 november 2011 ııııııııııııııııııııııı

13. 1949-2010 (62 years): 2011 (annually 32)  1949-1982 (34 years): 559 (annually 16)  1983-2010 (28 years): 1452 (annually 52) Workshop on Doctoral Education in Architecture İstanbul, 28 november 2011 5. Doctoral Education in ITU: Awards ııııııııııııııııııııııı

14. ITU Institute of Science and Technology Architecture Department / Current PhD Programmes:  Architectural Design MSc and PhD Programme  Architectural History MSc and PhD Programme  Restoration MSc and PhD Programme  Construction Sciences PhD Programme Workshop on Doctoral Education in Architecture İstanbul, 28 november 2011 6. Doctoral Education in Architecture at ITU ııııııııııııııııııııııı

15. First PhD in architecture dates to 1960. period# PhDs awarded Annual average % in total 1960-1982 23 years 1135% 26 1983-2010 28 years 32111.4% 74 Total4348.5 Workshop on Doctoral Education in Architecture İstanbul, 28 november 2011 Total awards in architecture / total awards in ITU: (Between 1949-2010) 434 / 2011 = % 21.6 (1/5 of all is in architecture) ııııııııııııııııııııııı

16. Workshop on Doctoral Education in Architecture İstanbul, 28 november 2011 The first worldwide doctoral studies in architecture were studies based mainly on technology or history. Similarly, the first doctoral studies in architecture in ITU were mostly descriptive studies on architectural heritage. Since 1960, ITU started to award doctoral degrees in architecture which correspond to the modern doctoral degree as a pursuit of scientific knowledge.  first thesis by Altan Öke title: Searching for possibilities of using operation research to create solutions to building economics  second thesis by Gündüz Atalık title: Searching for a new method for architectural criticism - the start ııııııııııııııııııııııı

17. Workshop on Doctoral Education in Architecture İstanbul, 28 november 2011  An apparent rise in the annual number of completed Ph.D.s in the last 10 years (annual min. 9, max. 28),  A continual rise of annual graduates during three consecutive periods. During the first period between 1960-1982 the average number: 4.9; between 1983-1995: 7.4 and finally between 1996-2010: 14.9.  In the 50 year history of doctoral study in architecture in ITU, 42 % of all the Ph.D.s were awarded in the last decade between 2000-2010. - # awards ııııııııııııııııııııııı

18. Workshop on Doctoral Education in Architecture İstanbul, 28 november 2011 Comparison of number of awards of ITU and other major institutes providing doctoral education in architecture in Turkey (between 1977 and 2009) - benchmarking ııııııııııııııııııııııı

19. 89 PhDs in architecture completed between 1997-2009 were examined in terms of:  Completion time  Distribution to fields  Gender distribution Workshop on Doctoral Education in Architecture İstanbul, 28 november 2011 - a closer look ııııııııııııııııııııııı

20. Workshop on Doctoral Education in Architecture İstanbul, 28 november 2011 Evaluation:  Reasons for long completion times: > Most Ph.D. students are teaching and research assistants having heavy teaching loads > time spent in determining the subject area is longer in architecture as there are not many projects coming from public and private institutions which create an environment for defining clear research questions.  The tendency to female domination is also valid in undergraduate studies which effect the staff gender situation again in favor of women.  as the share of academics in the field of architectural design in ITU and Turkey is the highest in the whole field of architecture, the same outcome is valid in doctoral study fields - a closer look ııııııııııııııııııııııı

21. Workshop on Doctoral Education in Architecture İstanbul, 28 november 2011 Besides the high number of awards, also a high number of drop- outs is valid. There may be a relation between drop out periods and the periods of amnesty laws for higher education students, as students might be preferring to drop out when a new amnesty law is about to be passed. ııııııııııııııııııııııı

22. Workshop on Doctoral Education in Architecture İstanbul, 28 november 2011 Strengths:  The large number of students giving opportunity to accept the best ones; therefore the high quality of incoming students,  The size and the quality of the academic staff which gives opportunities to offer a wide range of high quality doctoral programs,  The flexibility of the system,  Funding opportunities,  Transparency in the admission process,  Awareness of presenting the research results in international conferences and meetings. 7. Evaluation of ITU case ııııııııııııııııııııııı

23. Workshop on Doctoral Education in Architecture İstanbul, 28 november 2011 Weaknesses:  Long time to degree,  High drop out rates,  Lack of mobility,  Limited number of courses available,  Lack of awareness of the importance of publishing the research results in ISI indexed journals (the publications are not comparable to the number of doctoral degrees awarded),  Limited number of courses which enhance the generic skills. There are two types of changes/reforms occurring in the university environment of ITU. The first type consists of small improvements which keep up with new developments continuously. The second type are the more comprehensive reforms which have been realized in 1949, 1969, 1982, and 2002. ııııııııııııııııııııııı

24. Workshop on Doctoral Education in Architecture İstanbul, 28 november 2011 Thank you… ııııııııııııııııııııııı