1. Kingdoms and Empires Africa

2. Aksum No longer exists Former countries of Ethiopia and Entrea African and Arab traders began settling along the west coast of the Red Sea. Aksum came to control trade in the Red Sea Came to power after the Nubian Kingdom of Meroe fell

3. Aksum Controlled a trade network that stretched form the Mediterranean Sea to India Christian religion traveled to Aksum along these routes. Mid-300s many Ethiopian people in Aksum became Christian Aksum became the center of the early Ethiopian Christian Church

4. Aksum Aksum began to decline in the 600s Arabs took control of much of the regions trade.

5. West African Kingdoms Power of the W. African kingdoms was based on the trade of salt and gold. –People need salt to survive, especially in hot areas like W. Africa –People of W. Africa had no sources of salt, but they had plenty of gold –People of N. Africa had the opposite problem Control of this trade brought power and riches to three W. African kingdoms—Ghana, Mali, and Songhai.

6. West African Kingdoms Ghana –Kingdom of Ghana was located b/w the Senegal and Niger rivers. –From this location Ghana controlled trade across W. Africa. –Ghana’s kings grew rich from the taxes they charged on the salt, gold, and other goods –Ghana lost control of the trade routes, –New power is the Kingdom of Mali

7. West African Kingdoms Mali and the spread of Islam –Kingdom of Mali arose in the mid-1200s in the Upper Niger Valley –Mali means “Where the King lives” –Kings cont4olled both the gold mines of the south and the salt supplies of the north –King is called Mansa which means “emperor” –Mali’s most famous king was Mansa Musa

8. West African Kingdoms Mansa Musa gained the throne about 1312 25-year reign brought peace and order to the kingdom Mansa Musa based his laws on the Quran, the holy book of the religion of Islam Muslim travelers spread their religion into many parts of Africa Muslims are followers of Islam

9. West African Kingdoms 1324—Mansa Musa made a pilgrimage (a religious journey– to the Arabian city of Mecca. Muslims consider Mecca a holy place Muhammad, the prophet who first preached Islam, was born in Mecca Mansa Musa brought 60,000 people with him on his pilgrimage

10. West African Kingdoms 80 camels each carried 300 pounds of gold Along the way Mansa Musa gave people gifts of gold Mansa Musa’s pilgrimage brought about new trading ties with other Muslim states. It displayed Mali’s wealth

11. West African Kingdoms Songhai –After Mansa Musa’s death around 1332, Mali declined and was destroyed by an empire called Songhai. –Songhai became W. Africa’s most powerful kingdom –Songhai’s rulers controlled important trade routes and wealthy trading cities.

12. West African Kingdoms –Invaders from N. Africa defeated Songhai in 1591 –Songhai people still live near the Niger river –Islam remains their religion

13. West African Kingdoms East African City-States –Trade helped E. African cities to develop –Circa the time that Aksum declined, trading cities arose along E. Africa’s coast –Traders used seasonal winds to sail northeast to India and China. –They carried animal skins, ivory, and gold and other metals

14. West African Kingdoms –When the winds changed direction, the traders sailed with them. –They brought many goods including cotton, silk, and porcelain –Some traders who visited E. Africa were Muslims Many of them settled and introduced Islam to E. Africa A new language developed called Swahili

15. West African Kingdoms Swahili is a Bantu language with some Arab words mixed in E. African cities grew into powerful city-states –A city-state is a city that has its own government and often controls much of the surrounding land Among the greatest of these city-states were Malindi,, Mombasa, and Kilwah.

16. West African Kingdoms Kilwa –“One of the most beautiful and best- constructed towns in the world” Ibn Batuta. –Grew rich from trade and taxes. –Traders had to pay huge taxes on goods they brought into the city –In the early 1500s Kilwah and other city- states were conquered by the European country of Portugal who wanted to build their own trading empire.

17. West African Kingdoms Zimbabwe –Located near the bend in the Limpopo River in S. Africa –Zimbabwe reached its peak about the year 1300 –Today only ruins remain