1. AFRICA 163.43

2. Clock Buddy #1 What do you already know about Africa? What do you already know about Africa? What do you want to learn about Africa? What do you want to learn about Africa?

3. Did You Know? 2 nd largest continent in the world 2 nd largest continent in the world One-fifth of Earth’s land surface One-fifth of Earth’s land surface Earliest evidence of human beings Earliest evidence of human beings

4. Africa’s Geography

9. Clock Buddy #2 Based on the geography of Africa, predict how this may have affected the development of early African societies. Based on the geography of Africa, predict how this may have affected the development of early African societies.

10. Environmental Challenge #1: Environmental Challenge #1: DESERTS: DESERTS: – Sahara (North Africa) – Kalahari (South Africa) The Geography of Africa The Geography of Africa

11. The Geography of Africa Environmental Challenge #2: Environmental Challenge #2: RAIN FOREST: RAIN FOREST: Uninhabitable Uninhabitable Breeding ground for insects and disease Breeding ground for insects and disease

12. Positive Environmental Factor: Positive Environmental Factor: SAVANNA: SAVANNA: Grassy plains; 2 dry seasons & 2 rainy seasons per year Grassy plains; 2 dry seasons & 2 rainy seasons per year Support abundant agricultural production Support abundant agricultural production The Geography of Africa The Geography of Africa

13. Clock Buddy #3 Have you ever had to move or did someone close to you move? Why did you/they move? Have you ever had to move or did someone close to you move? Why did you/they move? Analyze the factors (push/pull)that cause people to move and what determines the new location to which they move. Analyze the factors (push/pull)that cause people to move and what determines the new location to which they move.

14. Bantu-speaking Africans in early Nigeria started migrating around 500BC Bantu-speaking Africans in early Nigeria started migrating around 500BC Moved south and east Moved south and east Spread their language and culture Spread their language and culture People on the Move People on the Move

15. Reasons for migration: Reasons for migration: Slash and Burn Farming Slash and Burn Farming Overpopulation and search for more land Overpopulation and search for more land People on the Move People on the Move

16. Africa: The Influence of Trade

17. Clock Buddy #4 Do you have a good friend? Why are you friends? Do you have a good friend? Why are you friends? What tends to happen when you start hanging around the same person for a long time? What tends to happen when you start hanging around the same person for a long time?

18. Located on Red Sea in present day Ethiopia Located on Red Sea in present day Ethiopia Through trade (ivory!) Aksum (350AD) absorbed many elements of Roman culture, including Christianity Through trade (ivory!) Aksum (350AD) absorbed many elements of Roman culture, including Christianity East Africa: Early Kingdom of Aksum East Africa: Early Kingdom of Aksum

19. East Africa: Coastal Trade Cities Bantu-speaking people established coastal villagesBantu-speaking people established coastal villages Muslim and Persian traders settled in port cities around 639ADMuslim and Persian traders settled in port cities around 639AD Swahili was formed: blended language of Bantu and ArabicSwahili was formed: blended language of Bantu and Arabic Blending of religions of Christianity, Islam and traditional beliefsBlending of religions of Christianity, Islam and traditional beliefs

20. Clock Buddy #5 Have you ever traded with someone for something? What factors are necessary for a mutually successful trade? Have you ever traded with someone for something? What factors are necessary for a mutually successful trade? How do scarcity and abundance affect trade? How do scarcity and abundance affect trade?

21. 1.Ghana 2.Mali 3.Songhai West Africa: The Gold-Salt Kingdoms

22. All 3 kingdoms controlled the GOLD-SALT trade at some point in time All 3 kingdoms controlled the GOLD-SALT trade at some point in time Occurred in west Africa near the northern part of the Niger River Occurred in west Africa near the northern part of the Niger River The Gold-Salt Trade

23. Although rich in gold, West Africa’s savanna & rain forests LACKED salt Although rich in gold, West Africa’s savanna & rain forests LACKED salt Fortunately, the Sahara Desert contained large deposits of salt Fortunately, the Sahara Desert contained large deposits of salt The Gold-Salt Trade

24. Arab traders crossed the Sahara with SALT, cloth & manufactured goods Arab traders crossed the Sahara with SALT, cloth & manufactured goods West African traders collected gold from the forested regions West African traders collected gold from the forested regions The Gold-Salt Trade

25. Met in trading cities where they would exchange goods Met in trading cities where they would exchange goods

26. (AD 500 to 1200) Ghana: The Trading Kingdom

27. Ghana had many resources, but its location delayed its development as a trading empire Ghana had many resources, but its location delayed its development as a trading empire Problems: Problems: No sea access No sea access Blocked by the Sahara Blocked by the Sahara

28. Ghana: The Trading Kingdom Eventually Arab traders from North Africa learned how to cross the Sahara Desert Eventually Arab traders from North Africa learned how to cross the Sahara Desert Allowed Ghana to participate in the Gold-Salt Trade Allowed Ghana to participate in the Gold-Salt Trade

29. Impact of Gold-Salt Trade: Impact of Gold-Salt Trade: Introduction of Islam (though it was never fully adopted) Introduction of Islam (though it was never fully adopted) Increase in wealth due to TAXES on trade Increase in wealth due to TAXES on trade Ghana: The Trading Kingdom

30. Ghana’s wealth enabled the kingdom to build a large army Ghana’s wealth enabled the kingdom to build a large army Used to: Used to: Conquer neighboring regions Conquer neighboring regions Capture people to sell as slaves to Muslim traders Capture people to sell as slaves to Muslim traders

31. Ghana’s Decline: Ghana’s Decline: War with a nearby kingdom weakened Ghana’s empire War with a nearby kingdom weakened Ghana’s empire Led to internal division & eventual decline… Led to internal division & eventual decline… Ghana: The Trading Kingdom

32. The Kingdom of Mali (AD 1235 to 1400) (AD 1235 to 1400)

33. After Ghana’s decline, no one kingdom controlled the Gold-Salt Trade After Ghana’s decline, no one kingdom controlled the Gold-Salt Trade Consequently the Gold-Salt Trade experienced a decline Consequently the Gold-Salt Trade experienced a decline The Kingdom of Mali

34. In 1230 Mali rose to power on the same territory In 1230 Mali rose to power on the same territory Quickly expanded to the Atlantic Ocean under the rule of Sundiata Quickly expanded to the Atlantic Ocean under the rule of Sundiata Gained control of the Gold-Salt Trade Gained control of the Gold-Salt Trade The Kingdom of Mali

35. Clock Buddy #6 What can you infer about the this Mansa Musa in this picture? What can you infer about the this Mansa Musa in this picture?

36. The Kingdom of Mali Mansa Musa is often considered the greatest ruler of Mali Mansa Musa is often considered the greatest ruler of Mali Under Mansa Musa’s Reign: Under Mansa Musa’s Reign: Mali, like Ghana, became very wealthy due to its control of the Gold-Salt Trade Mali, like Ghana, became very wealthy due to its control of the Gold-Salt Trade

37. Mansa Musa & Religion: Mansa Musa & Religion: Was a devout Muslim Was a devout Muslim In 1324 made a pilgrimage to Mecca In 1324 made a pilgrimage to Mecca Led to MANY changes in Mali Led to MANY changes in Mali The Kingdom of Mali

38. Mansa Musa built mosques, schools & libraries where people could study Islam Mansa Musa built mosques, schools & libraries where people could study Islam As a result Timbuktu, the capital city, became a cultural center for Islam As a result Timbuktu, the capital city, became a cultural center for Islam The Kingdom of Mali

39. Mali’s Decline: Mali’s Decline: Weak rulers after Mansa Musa Weak rulers after Mansa Musa Internal & external problems Internal & external problems In 1433 Timbuktu was captured In 1433 Timbuktu was captured DECLINE! DECLINE! The Kingdom of Mali

40. The Kingdom of Songhai (1450 to 1600) (1450 to 1600)

41. Sunni Ali: Sunni Ali: Conquered the cities of Mali, including Timbuktu Conquered the cities of Mali, including Timbuktu Expanded the empire to include most of the West African savanna Expanded the empire to include most of the West African savanna The Kingdom of Songhai

42. Songhai entered a Golden Age under Askia Muhammad Songhai entered a Golden Age under Askia Muhammad Askia Muhammad & Religion: Askia Muhammad & Religion: Songhai’s first Muslim leader Songhai’s first Muslim leader

43. The Kingdom of Songhai In order to demonstrate his commitment to Islam Muhammad made a pilgrimage to MeccaIn order to demonstrate his commitment to Islam Muhammad made a pilgrimage to Mecca

44. The Kingdom of Songhai During this time Muhammad made contact with North African traders & the Gold-Salt Trade was once again resumed with Songhai having complete controlDuring this time Muhammad made contact with North African traders & the Gold-Salt Trade was once again resumed with Songhai having complete control

45. The Kingdom of Songhai Askia Muhammad & Government:Askia Muhammad & Government: Divided Songhai into 5 provinces, each with its own government, tax collector, court & trade inspector – VERY EFFICIENT!Divided Songhai into 5 provinces, each with its own government, tax collector, court & trade inspector – VERY EFFICIENT! Laws based on the KoranLaws based on the Koran

46. Clock Buddy #7 Conclude: Describe 3 factors that influenced the development of early African societies Conclude: Describe 3 factors that influenced the development of early African societies