1. Rough Sailing Ahead
What idea is the cartoonist expression when he titled this political cartoon “Rough Sailing Ahead”?

2. Political Cartoons C-Captions A-Analogy S- Symbolism I- Irony
A title or brief explanation
A-Analogy
A comparison of two things
S- Symbolism
The use of symbols to represent ideas or qualities
I- Irony
he expression of one's meaning by using language that normally signifies the opposite
E- exaggeration
a statement that represents something as better or worse than it really is.

3. A of C (Strengths)
A couple good thing under the Articles government was passing the Land Ordinance and the Northwest Ordinance.
Northwest Ordinance:
Passed in 1787
Created a single territory out of the lands North of Ohio River and east of Mississippi River
When the population reached 60,000, the people could petition for for statehood.
Each state would come into the Union with the same rights and privileges as the original 13.
The ordinance included a bill of rights for the settlers, guaranteeing the freedom of religion and trail by jury.
Outlawed slavery in these new territories
This clause marked the first attempt to stop the spread of Slavery.
The “Revolutionary” War was won.

4. Troubles
“ Our federal government is but a name; a mere shadow without substance.”
Depression
After the revolutionary war, the United States entered a period of when economic activity slowed and unemployment increased.
Southern Plantations had been damaged during War.
Rice exports dropped sharply
British closed profitable West Indies market to American merchants.
Farmers
American farmers could not sell their goods and had problems paying the request for money that the states levied to meet Revolutionary debts.
Result: State Officials seized farmers lands to pay their debt and threw many farmers into Jail.
Many state leaders began to criticize the weak confederation.
What do you think the seizure of Farmers lands and throwing them to jail would lead to?

5. Shay’s Rebellion ( )
Revolt by farmers in Mass. Led by Daniel Shay
In 1786 Angry farmers lashed out and they forced courts in Western Massachusetts to close so judges could not confiscate farmers’ lands.
In January 1787 Shay led more than 1,000 farmers toward the federal arsenal of Springfield, Mass., for arms and ammunitions.
Militia stopped rebellion and killed 4 rebels in the process.
Opinion of political leaders
“mankind, when left to themselves, are unfit for their own government.”- George Washington
“A little rebellion now and then is a good thing.”- Thomas Jefferson
Helped reveal weakness’ in A of C

6. Philadelphia Convention
Leaders from the 13 colonies gathered in Philadelphia to reform the A of C.
Proposed by Alexander Hamilton.
Meant to discuss trade issues and possible changes to the A of C.
Began May 1787
55 delegates
Some leaders were satisfied with the Articles of Confederation, other leaders saw a strong national government as the solution to America’s problems
Hottest summer on record.
Planters, lawyers, merchants, physicians, generals, governors, and a college president.

7. Philadelphia Convention
Important leaders
George Washington and Benjamin Franklin
Governor Morris
Wrote the final draft of Constitution.
James Madison
Father of the Constitution
Author of the basic plan of government that the convention adopted.
Careful notes are the major source of information about the convention’s work.

8. A call for change Virginia Plan New Jersey Plan
Proposed by Edmund Randolph
The plan called for a two-house legislature, a chief executive chosen by legislature, and a court system
In both house the number of representation would be proportional, or corresponding in size.
Benefit large states
Proposed by William Patterson
Kept the Confederation one-house legislature, with one vote for each state.
Congress could set taxes and regulate trade.
Congress would elect a weak executive branch consisting of more than one person.
Benefit the small states
Virginia Plan- largely the works of Madison
Delegates from Delaware, New Jersey and other small states objected

9. The Great Compromise
A “grand committee” was appointed to resolve the disagreements.
Suggested by Roger Sherman
He proposed a two-house legislature.
House of Representatives- the number of seats for each state would vary according to the state’s population.
The Senate- each state would have two members.

10. 3/5 Compromise
Southern states wanted to include the enslaved in their population count to gain delegates in the House of Representatives
Northern states rejected this idea because enslaved people were legally considered property.
Compromise
Each enslaved person would count as 3/5 of a free person.
3 enslaved persons= 5 free persons

11. Letter
Write a letter to the delegates at the Constitutional Convention explaining why the Great Compromise is needed. The letter should include details about the need for the compromise and the issues surrounding the Virginia Plan and the New Jersey Plan
Letter must be ½ page and have NO GRAMMATICAL ERRORS.

12. Federalism Federalist Anti-Federalist
Favored a constitution establishing a strong central government
Favored limiting state power
Bill of rights not necessary
Abandon A of C
A large republic
Supporters
Large farmers, merchants, artisans
Against a constitution that established a strong central govt.
Favored power and influence of states
Bill of Rights was essential
A of C needed to be amended, not abandoned
Small Republic
Supporters
Small farmers.
Sharing power between the federal and state government.

13. Federalist Papers
The Federalist, commonly referred to as the Federalist Papers, is a series of 85 essays written by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison between October 1787 and May 1788.
The essays were published anonymously, under the pen name "Publius," in various New York state newspapers of the time.
The Federalist Papers were published primarily in two New York state newspapers: The New York Packet and The Independent Journal.
They were reprinted in other newspapers in New York state and in several cities in other states

14. Federalist Papers
The Federalist Papers were written and published to urge New Yorkers to ratify the proposed United States Constitution, which was drafted in Philadelphia in the summer of 1787.