1. Chapter 8 Computer Vision

2. Artificial IntelligenceChapter 92 Contents What is Image Processing? Digital Image Processing Electromagnetic Spectrum Steps in Digital Image Processing

3. Artificial IntelligenceChapter 93 What is Image Processing?

4. Artificial IntelligenceChapter 94 Application Area

5. Artificial IntelligenceChapter 95 Image Processing Fields

6. Artificial IntelligenceChapter 96 Image Processing Fields

7. Artificial IntelligenceChapter 97 Digital Image Processing “ Digital Image ” ? –Digital –Image “ Image Processing ” ?

8. Artificial IntelligenceChapter 98 Digital Image Processing What is a signal? A signal is a function that maps a set (domain) to another set (range)

9. Artificial IntelligenceChapter 99 Digital Image Processing A signal is a function that maps a set (domain) to another set (range) For each point in time (t), assign a voltage value (y(t)). Domain = time interval Range = voltage interval

10. Artificial IntelligenceChapter 910 Digital Image Processing Image –An image is a two-dimensional signal A signal is called two-dimensional if the domain is two-dimensional

11. Artificial IntelligenceChapter 911 Digital Image Processing Image –An image is a two-dimensional signal

12. Artificial IntelligenceChapter 912 Digital Image Processing Digital Image –Vs Analog image? Digital vs analog signal

13. Artificial IntelligenceChapter 913 Signal Types Domain Range –Countable Quantized Signal UncountableCountable Continuous-time Continuous-space Discrete-time Discrete-space

14. Artificial IntelligenceChapter 914 Digital Signal A signal is “ digital ” –if both the domain and the range are countable –I.e., if it is a quantized discrete-time (or -space) signal

15. Artificial IntelligenceChapter 915 Digital Image Processing Digital Image –A digital image is a two-dimensional signal with a countable domain and a countable range

16. Artificial IntelligenceChapter 916 Digital Image Processing Digital Image

17. Artificial IntelligenceChapter 917 Digital Signal How is a digital signal formed? –Discrete domain Domain is inherently discrete, or Sample a continuous interval –Discrete range Range is inherently discrete, or Sample a continuous interval

18. Artificial IntelligenceChapter 918 Domain and Range Continuous-time signals –t and y (t) have physical meanings Digital signals –n and y (n) do not have physical meanings and can be arbitrary

19. Artificial IntelligenceChapter 919 Digital Image Processing Fields

20. Artificial IntelligenceChapter 920 Digital Images: 80 years ago Range has 5 values! 1922 1921 192 9

21. Artificial IntelligenceChapter 921 Electromagnetic Spectrum : EM 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

22. Artificial IntelligenceChapter 922 1. Gamma-Ray Imaging

23. Artificial IntelligenceChapter 923 2. X-ray Imaging

24. Artificial IntelligenceChapter 924 3. UV Imaging

25. Artificial IntelligenceChapter 925 4. Visible Range

26. Artificial IntelligenceChapter 926 4. Visible Range 1964

27. Artificial IntelligenceChapter 927 4. Visible Range

28. Artificial IntelligenceChapter 928 4. Multispectral: Visible+Infrared Bands

29. Artificial IntelligenceChapter 929 4. Multispectral: Visible+Infrared Bands

30. Artificial IntelligenceChapter 930 4. Multispectral: Visible+Infrared Bands

31. Artificial IntelligenceChapter 931 4. Multispectral: Visible+ Infrared Bands

32. Artificial IntelligenceChapter 932 5. Infrared Range

33. Artificial IntelligenceChapter 933 6. Microwave Imaging: Radar

34. Artificial IntelligenceChapter 934 7. Radio Band Imaging

35. Artificial IntelligenceChapter 935 Electromagnetic Spectrum

36. Artificial IntelligenceChapter 936

37. Artificial IntelligenceChapter 937 Ultrasound Image head

38. Artificial IntelligenceChapter 938

39. Artificial IntelligenceChapter 939

40. Artificial IntelligenceChapter 940 Steps in Digital Image Processing 1 2 3 4567 8 9 1010 11

41. Artificial IntelligenceChapter 941 1

42. Artificial IntelligenceChapter 942 2

43. Artificial IntelligenceChapter 943 Distorted imageRestore image 3

44. Artificial IntelligenceChapter 944 4

45. Artificial IntelligenceChapter 945 5

46. Artificial IntelligenceChapter 946 6

47. Artificial IntelligenceChapter 947 7

48. Artificial IntelligenceChapter 948 8

49. Artificial IntelligenceChapter 949 9

50. Artificial IntelligenceChapter 950 9

51. Artificial IntelligenceChapter 951 10

52. Artificial IntelligenceChapter 952 Knowledge Base 11

53. Image Enhancement in the Spatial Domain

54. Artificial IntelligenceChapter 954 Contents Spatial Domain Point Process Transformation functions Histogram Spatial Filtering Mask Operation Image Enhancement Smoothing Filter

55. Artificial IntelligenceChapter 955 Spatially Varying Signal

56. Artificial IntelligenceChapter 956 Spatiotemporal Signals

57. Artificial IntelligenceChapter 957 Image Processing An image processing system maps an input image to an output image Input images Output images

58. Artificial IntelligenceChapter 958 Image Processing Output pixel depends on the input image pixels Usually:

59. Artificial IntelligenceChapter 959 Transformation function s= T [r] 1. contrast stretching 2. point processing : Thresholding Function Transformation functions

60. Artificial IntelligenceChapter 960 Transformation functions

61. Artificial IntelligenceChapter 961 Transformation functions s= T [r] r s dark light light dark

62. Artificial IntelligenceChapter 962 Transformation functions s= L-1 -r negative transformationoriginal image

63. Artificial IntelligenceChapter 963 s= c r   = 3  = 4  = 5 Power-Law Transformations มืด ลง

64. Artificial IntelligenceChapter 964 Contrast Stretching

65. Artificial IntelligenceChapter 965 Histogram Count the number of pixels with each gray level

66. Artificial IntelligenceChapter 966 Histogram

67. Artificial IntelligenceChapter 967 Histogram

68. Artificial IntelligenceChapter 968

69. Artificial IntelligenceChapter 969 Histogram Equalization

70. Artificial IntelligenceChapter 970 Histogram Equalization

71. Artificial IntelligenceChapter 971 Histogram Equalization

72. Artificial IntelligenceChapter 972 Spatial Filtering ค่าน้ำหนัก ค่า Pixels

73. Artificial IntelligenceChapter 973 Laplacian Output

74. Artificial IntelligenceChapter 974 Image Enhancement

75. Artificial IntelligenceChapter 975 Image Enhancement

76. Image Segmentation

77. Artificial IntelligenceChapter 977 Line Detection horizontal,... +45 degree,.. vertical... and -45 degree masks Horizontal mask will result with max response when a line passed through the middle row of the mask with a constant background. the similar idea is used with other masks. note: the preferred direction of each mask is weighted with a larger coefficient....(i.e.,2) than other possible directions.

78. Artificial IntelligenceChapter 978 Example

79. Artificial IntelligenceChapter 979 Example

80. Artificial IntelligenceChapter 980 link criteria: 1). the pixels belonged to one of the set of pixels linked according to the highest count 2). no gaps were longer than 5 pixels

81. Artificial IntelligenceChapter 981 Result of applying T

82. Artificial IntelligenceChapter 982 Thresholds based on several variables (multispectral thresholding)

83. Artificial IntelligenceChapter 983 The End