1. 1. The practice of closing your mouth when you chew is an example of….? 2. One of the most consistently damaging teratogens is…? Please write down the question & leave room for your answers.

2.  DMA  Review for Final Exam  Chapters 3 & 4 Homework:  Final Exam – Friday, Feb. 3rd  Quiz on chap 1, 2, 3 & 4 – tomorrow  Quiz on chap. 5, 6,7 & 8 – Monday, Jan. 30th  Quiz on Chap 9, 10, 11 & Prologue – Wednesday, Feb. 1st

4. Discuss with a neighbor… What does gender identity mean?

5.  Gender Role  a set of expected behaviors for males and females  Gender Identity  one’s sense of being male or female  Gender-typing  the acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role

6. Discuss with a neighbor

7.  Identical Twins  develop from a single fertilized egg  that splits in two, creating two genetically identical organisms  Fraternal Twins  develop from separate eggs  genetically no closer than brothers and sisters,  but they share the fetal environment Identical twins Fraternal twins Same sex only Same or opposite sex

8.  Natural Selection  the principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations,  those that lead to increased reproduction and survival  will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations  Mutations  random errors in gene replication that lead to a change in the sequence of nucleotides  the source of all genetic diversity

9.  Temperament  a person’s characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity  Heritability  the proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes  may vary, depending on the range of populations and environments studied

10. With a neighbor…

12.  Experience affects brain development Impoverished environment Rat brain cell Rat brain cell Enriched environment

14.  Teratogens  agents (such as chemicals and viruses)  can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm  Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)  physical and cognitive abnormalities in children  caused by a pregnant woman’s heavy drinking  symptoms include misproportioned head

15.  Found within:  Brain cells  Sperms cells  Bone cells  Blood cells

17.  Primary Sex Characteristics  body structures that make sexual reproduction possible  ovaries--female  testes--male  external genitalia  Secondary Sex Characteristics  nonreproductive sexual characteristics  female--breast and hips  male--voice quality and body hair

18. Typical Age Range Description of Stage Developmental Phenomena Birth to nearly 2 yearsSensorimotor Experiencing the world through senses and actions (looking, touching, mouthing) Object permanence Stranger anxiety About 2 to 6 years About 7 to 11 years About 12 through adulthood Preoperational Representing things with words and images but lacking logical reasoning Pretend play Egocentrism Language development Concrete operational Thinking logically about concrete events; grasping concrete analogies and performing arithmetical operations Conservation Mathematical transformations Formal operational Abstract reasoning Abstract logic Potential for moral reasoning

19.  Harlow’s Surrogate Mother Experiments  Monkeys preferred contact with the comfortable cloth mother, even while feeding from the nourishing wire mother

20.  Monkeys raised by artificial mothers were terror-stricken when placed in strange situations without their surrogate mothers.  Insecurely attached

22.  Authoritarian  parents impose rules and expect obedience  “Don’t interrupt.” “Why? Because I said so.”  Permissive  submit to children’s desires, make few demands, use little punishment  Authoritative  both demanding and responsive  set rules, but explain reasons and encourage open discussion

23.  As moral development progresses, the focus of concern moves from the self to the wider social world. Morality of abstract principles: to affirm agreed-upon rights and personal ethical principles Morality of law and social rules: to gain approval or avoid disapproval Morality of self-interest: to avoid punishment or gain concrete rewards Postconventional level Conventional level Preconventional level

24. Chapters 1, 2, 3 & 4 Remember… anything from these chapters could be on the quiz