1. δ + δ - Water molecules are polar covalent bonds. Biochemistry: The unique properties of water They are attracted to other water molecules through relatively weak Hydrogen bonds.

2. Can water form ions? Yes, at a very small rate (1 out of 500,000,000!) H2OH2O H+H+ OH - + +- How would you quantify (count) this ionic disassociation? The pH scale powerHydrogen The “power of Hydrogen” scale pHpH Biochemistry: The unique properties of water

3. Stomach Acid, lemon juice Vinegar, cola Tomato juice Black coffee; Rainwater Urine Pure water; Human blood Seawater Milk of magnesia Household ammonia Household bleach Oven cleaner Increasingly Acidic   Increasingly Basic Neutral [OH - ] [H + ] = [OH - ] >[H + ] <[OH - ]

4. pH Demo On the left-side of your IntNB, draw the experimental apparatus that are set-up on the demo table. Once the pH demo is explained to you, write a hypothesis for each solution to predict how you think it will react to the cabbage juice/indicator.

5. Besides water, what elements and compounds are essential to life? Organic compounds 1.Mostly contain Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Sulfur* Carbon CCCCCC HHHHHHH O H O HHHH O O O O Organic Compounds: An Overview

6. Organic compounds (continued…) 2.Four categories of organic compounds: a.Carbohydrates b.Lipids c.Proteins d.Nucleic Acids 3.All formed and separated in similar ways a.Formation (Polymerization): Dehydration Synthesis b.Separation: Hydrolysis Hey Sugar, I sure am happy that you’re a Carbohydrate like me. Awww, how sweet! Hurry up, Lipids! You should have more energy stored up than this! Does this bond structure make me look fat? Hi there! My name is Polly Peptide. Can you believe that each of your cells contains about 2 meters of me? Organic Compounds: Carbohydrates

7. Polymerization Polymerization (definition): –Forming of large organic macromolecules by the joining of smaller repeating units called monomers Bonding: Polymerization

8. Dehydration Synthesis Dehydration Synthesis is the removal of a water molecule to form a new bond. HO H H2OH2O H H Short PolymerMonomer Dehydration removes a water molecule forming a new bond 123 1234 Bonding: Polymerization: Dehydration Synthesis

9. Hydrolysis HO H H2OH2O H H Short Polymer Monomer Hydrolysis adds a water molecule to break a bond 123 123 4 Polymers are broken by adding water. Literally, “Water Splitting” Bonding: Polymerization: Hydrolysis

10. CC C C C C Carbon = The element of life Carbon’s Valence has ____ electrons Can bond with ____ elements Can form chains, rings, branches, & isomers 4 4 C C HO OHH H C C HOOH HH Bonding: Carbon

11. Lipids A lipid is any molecule that DOES NOT mix with water. Lipids function in: –Energy (E) storage, –forming cell membranes, –and as chemical messengers (e.g., hormones) Nonpolar (hydrophobic) Made up mostly of Carbon and Hydrogen (with a few Oxygen) Organic Compounds: Lipids

12. Lipids 1.Fats (Triglycerides) –G–Glycerol + 3 Fatty Acids –S–Saturated = No Double Bonds (solid) –U–Unsaturated = Double Bonds (liquid) Organic Compounds: Lipids: Fats OH Ester Bonds

13. Lipids 2.Phospholipids –G–Glycerol with Phosphate Head + 2 Fatty Acid Chains –A–Amphiphilic (“Both” “lover”) Hydrophilic head Hydrophobic tail –F–Forms 2 layers in water –M–Makes up cell membranes Organic Compounds: Lipids: Phospholipids Phosphate Glycerol Fatty Acids

14. Organic Compounds: Lipids: Sterols Lipids OH O Testosterone HO O Estrogen 3.Sterols –L–Lipids whose Carbon Skeleton consists of 4 fused rings –I–Includes: Hormones Cholesterol Cortisol –M–Makes up cell membranes HO OH O O