1. Carbohydrates Honors Biology Chapter 3

2. Carbon: The “Swiss Army Knife” of Chemistry. Carbon: The “Swiss Army Knife” of Chemistry. Carbon is essential to life for several reasons: –It can form strong stable (usually non-polar) covalent bonds –It can form up to 4 chemical bonds –It can form multiple bonds

3. Carbs before a competition???

4. Carbohydrates Sugars – Provide immediate ENERGY for cells “ose” endings Made of Carbon ( C ), Hydrogen ( H ), and Oxygen (O ) 2:1 ratio H:O Following ratio of elements C n H 2n O n Rings Includes: Sugars, starches, cellulose & glycogen Glucose: A Monosaccharide

5. Monosaccharides Also called simple sugars –Glucose –Galactose –Fructose Isomers– Same MOLECULAR formula, different STRUCTURAL formula –C 6 H 12 O 6

6. Disaccharides Two monosaccharides joined together by dehydration synthesis Maltose Sucrose (table sugar) Lactose –C 12 H 22 O 11

7. Polysaccharides More than three monosaccharides combined Polymers – Starch, cellulose, glycogen

8. Starch Starches are many monosaccharides linked together in a single chain. Plants use Starch for energy storage e.g. Potatoes –Two types of starches Amylose - Long strait unbranched chains Pectins - many linked short Amylose chains Starch

9. Glycogen Glycogen is a moderately branched polysaccharide Animals use this for short-term energy storage. Mostly stored in the human liver until converted to fat Glycogen

10. Cellulose Cellulose is made of long polysaccharide chains Plants use this for structure (e.g. Wood) - not very digestible Due to the reverse orientation of the monosaccharide subunits, digestive enzymes cannot hydrolyze the bonds between them Cellulose

11. Dehydration Synthesis Monosaccharides can be linked together through the process of Dehydration Synthesis –Water is removed from 2 monocaccharides - resulting in a covalent bond between the 2 molecules Require some digestion to be used by cells

12. Hydrolysis Dehydration synthesis is a reversible process Called Hydrolysis. A water molecule is inserted where the monomers join. Breaking their bonds.

13. Dehydration Synthesis Simplified

14. Hydrolysis Simplified