1. 20.18 Preparation of Nitriles

2. nucleophilic substitution by cyanide on alkyl halides (Sections 8.1 and 8.13) cyanohydrin formation (Section 17.7) dehydration of amides Preparation of Nitriles Nitriles are prepared by:

3. Example (95%) CH 3 (CH 2 ) 8 CH 2 Cl KCN ethanol- water CH 3 (CH 2 ) 8 CH 2 C N SN2SN2SN2SN2

4. Example (75%) KCN H+H+H+H+ CH 3 CH 2 CCH 2 CH 3 O OHC N

5. uses the reagent P 4 O 10 (often written as P 2 O 5 ) Preparation of Nitriles By dehydration of amides (CH 3 ) 2 CHCNH 2 O P 4 O 10 200°C (CH 3 ) 2 CHC N(69-86%)

6. 20.19 Hydrolysis of Nitriles

7. Hydrolysis of Nitriles Hydrolysis of nitriles resembles the hydrolysis of amides. The reaction is irreversible. Ammonia is produced and is protonated to ammonium ion in acid solution. + NH4NH4NH4NH4+ RCOHO RCN + 2H 2 O H + +

8. Hydrolysis of Nitriles In basic solution the carboxylic acid product is deprotonated to give a carboxylate ion. + – RCOOHO + – NH3NH3NH3NH3 RCN + H2OH2OH2OH2O

9. Example: Acid Hydrolysis (92-95%)O H2OH2OH2OH2O H 2 SO 4 heat CH 2 CN NO 2 CH 2 COH NO 2

10. Example: Basic Hydrolysis (80%) CH 3 (CH 2 ) 9 COH O CH 3 (CH 2 ) 9 CN 1. KOH, H 2 O, heat 2. H +

11. Hydrolysis of nitriles proceeds via the corresponding amide. We already know the mechanism of amide hydrolysis. Therefore, all we need to do is to see how amides are formed from nitriles under the conditions of hydrolysis. Mechanism of Hydrolysis of Nitriles RCN H2OH2OH2OH2O RCNH 2 O H2OH2OH2OH2O RCOHO

12. The mechanism of amide formation is analogous to that of conversion of alkynes to ketones. It begins with the addition of water across the carbon-nitrogen triple bond. The product of this addition is the nitrogen analog of an enol. It is transformed to an amide under the reaction conditions. Mechanism of Hydrolysis of Nitriles RCN H2OH2OH2OH2O RCNH 2 ORC NHNHNHNH OH

13. Step 1 O H – RCN

14. Step 1 O H – RCN RC O N – H

15. Step 2 RC O N – H O HH

16. Step 2 RC O N – H O HH – O H RC O N HH

17. Step 3 – O H RC O N HH

18. Step 3 – O H RC O N HH – RC O N H O HH

19. Step 4 – RC O N H O H H

20. N Step 4 – RC O N H O H H RC O H H–O H

21. 20.20 Addition of Grignard Reagents to Nitriles

22. Grignard reagents add to carbon-nitrogen triple bonds in the same way that they add to carbon- oxygen double bonds. The product of the reaction is an imine. Addition of Grignard Reagents to Nitriles RCNR'MgX RCR' NMgX H2OH2OH2OH2O RCR' NHNHNHNH diethyl ether

23. Addition of Grignard Reagents to Nitriles RCNR'MgX RCR' NMgX H2OH2OH2OH2O RCR' NHNHNHNH diethyl ether RCR'O H3O+H3O+H3O+H3O+ Imines are readily hydrolyzed to ketones. Therefore, the reaction of Grignard reagents with nitriles can be used as a synthesis of ketones.

24. Example (79%) F3CF3CF3CF3C C N + CH 3 MgI 1. diethyl ether 2. H 3 O +, heat F3CF3CF3CF3C CCH 3 O