1. Macromolecules
The Molecules of Life

2. What makes one molecule different from another molecule?
Number of atoms in it
Types of atoms in it
Arrangement of atoms in it

3. Number of Atoms CO2 – Carbon Dioxide CO – Carbon Monoxide
Same types of atoms in the molecules
Different number of atoms in the molecules-

4. Arrangement of Atoms
Glucose – C6H12O6 -- This molecule has 6 carbon, 12 hydrogen, and 6 oxygen atoms
Fructose -- C6H12O6 – This molecule also has 6 carbon, 12 hydrogen, and 6 oxygen atoms
The difference lies in the shapes of these two molecules.
Isomers- molecules with the same number and type of atoms, but different arrangement of atoms

5. Structural Diagrams
D-form of glucose
L-form of glucose
Why is the structural difference biologically important?

6. Types of Molecules

7. Organic Molecules
At least one carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atom in them.
Is water organic?
Carbon skeleton – A core of carbon atoms from which the other atoms are ‘hung’.

8. Organic Molecules Molecule name Atoms in molecule
Molecular skeleton shape
Function of molecule
Monomer of molecule
Example of molecule

9. The Macromolecules Molecule Atoms Carbon Skeleton Function in Cell
Monomer
Example
Carbo-hydrate
C,O,H
2 H: 1 O
Ring form
Primary energy source
Mono-saccharide
Glucose
Sugar
Starch
Cellulose
Lipid
Protein
Nucleic Acids

10. Role of Water in Cells Dehydration Synthesis and Hydrolysis Reactions
water drops out when molecules are joined to form a polymer

11. Hydrolysis
Water molecule is insert to break apart (to lyses) a larger molecule

12. Carbohydrates
Amylase catalyzes a hydrolysis reaction to produce monosaccharides

13. Lipid Molecule
1 glycerol molecule bonded to 1 or more fatty acid molecules
Notice that they are at right angles to each other
Glycerol and fatty acid linked by dehydration synthesis

14. Monomer of a Lipid
Monoglyceride
1 glycerol bonded to one fatty acid

15. Lipids (Fats) C, H, and O only but in no specific ratio
Carbon skeleton is linear
Glycerol
Fatty acids
At right angles to each other
Uses
Secondary energy source
Important parts of membranes in cells
Monomer
Monoglyceride
Examples
Fats, oils, saturated fats, unsaturated fats

16. Membranes in Cells Covering of cell
Covering of structures within cells

17. Proteins Atoms: C, H, O, N,- some S Monomer: Amino acids
20 types of A.A- defined by R- group
Peptide Bond- formed by synthesis reaction

18. Examples Insulin Hormones Hair, skin, muscle tissue
Enzymes- catalyze almost all chemical reactions in a cell
Function ?

19. Nucleic Acids Atoms: C,H,O, N, P Monomer: Nucleotides- A,T,C,G
Examples: DNA
and RNA
Function??
Sugar and phosphate groups linked by dehydration synthesis reaction

20. From Where Do We Obtain Building Blocks of Macromolecules?

21. Cells