2. Regents Biology Chapter 2 The Chemistry of Life What are living creatures made of? Day 1

3. AP Biology Atoms, Compounds and Molecules AA tom - Smallest and basic unit of matter. 33 subatomic particles: NNeutron, proton and electron CC ompound – 2 or more different elements chemically combined. EEx: salt, water, carbon dioxide MM olecule – smallest unit of a compound EEx: 2H 2 O = 2 molecules of water

4. Regents Biology  96% of living organisms are made of: carbon (C) hydrogen (H) oxygen (O) nitrogen (N) Elements of Life CHON!

5. Regents Biology Molecules of Life  Put C, H, O, N together in different ways to build living organisms  What are bodies made of?  carbohydrates  sugars & starches  proteins  fats (lipids)  nucleic acids  DNA, RNA

6. AP Biology What macromolecules are used in biology? Think of the nutrients you eat!

7. AP Biology Carbohydrates  Atoms present – C, H, and O  Function: Major energy source by cells  Structural uses – cellulose, cell receptors  Monosaccharides (monomers) – single sugar units. ex: glucose, galactose, fructose  Disaccharides (polymers) – double sugar units ex: sucrose, lactose, maltose  Polysaccharides (polymers)– more than 2 sugar units. ex: starch, glycogen, cellulose

8. AP Biology Carbohydrates

9. AP Biology Lipids FF ats, oils, triglycerides, waxes, and steroids MM olecules made of C, H and O. LL ipid units: 1 Glycerol and 3 Fatty Acids HH ydrophobic and non-polar FF unctions: Insulation, membrane structures, hormones, padding and waterproof coverings. SS aturated – no double bonds, solid animal fats UU nsaturated – one double bond, oils (from plants) *no monomer units here! They do not repeat

11. Proteins PP olymers containing: NN, C, H and O. AA mino acids = monomers AA Peptide bond holds 2 amino acids together. FF unctions: Control the rate of reaction, regulate cell processes, form bones, muscles, fibers, hair/nails, transport substances to fight disease.

13. Nucleic Acids PP olymers – containing H, O, N, C, and P NN ucleotides (monomers) --- sugar, phosphate, and a nitrogenous base FF unction: Stores and transmits hereditary information TT ypes: DNA and RNA

15.  You Are What You Eat! You Are What You Eat! Macromolecules

16. Regents Biology 2006-2007 How do we make molecules? We build them! Day 2

17. Regents Biology  Small molecules = monomers  Bond them together = polymers Building large organic molecules

18. Regents Biology Building important polymers sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar nucleotide – nucleotide – nucleotide – nucleotide Carbohydrates = built from sugars Proteins = built from amino acids Nucleic acids (DNA) = built from nucleotides amino acid amino acid – amino acid – amino acid – amino acid – amino acid –

19. Regents Biology How to build large molecules  Dehydration Synthesis  Taking water out to put the monomers together  building cells & bodies

20. Regents Biology Example of dehydration synthesis amino acidsprotein amino acids = building block protein = polymer  Proteins are synthesized by bonding amino acids

21. Regents Biology How to take large molecules apart  Hydrolysis  taking big molecules apart using water  getting raw materials  for synthesis & growth

22. Regents Biology Example of hydrolysis starchglucose  Starch is digested to glucose

23. AP Biology Enzymes Special proteins that make our processes run faster…. Day 3

24. AP Biology Chemical Reactions TT he changing of one set of chemicals into another set of chemicals RR eactants start the reaction. PP roducts are produced by the reactants. Ex: CO 2 + H 2 O H 2 CO 3 AA ctivation energy: amount of energy needed to get a reaction started Reactants (before arrow) Products (after arrow)

25. AP Biology

26. Enzymes (biological catalysts) AA catalyst is a substance that speeds up a chemical reaction by lowering the required activation energy to run the reaction. EE nzymes are very specific for certain chemical reactions. ex: lactase works only on lactose! EE nzymes are never used up, can be reused. TT o Denature an enzyme/protein = To Destroy it

27. Enzyme Names 1.End in “–ase” 2.Ex: sucrase, lactase Enzyme Action 1. Enzymes provide a site where substrates (reactants) can react using less energy by lowering the activation energy Enzymes (biological catalysts) Enzymes & Substrates = Lock & Key

28. AP Biology Reaction pathway without enzyme Activation energy without enzyme Activation energy with enzyme Reaction pathway with enzyme Reactants Products Effects of Enzymes

29. AP Biology How Do Enzymes Work? SS ubstrates = The reactants the enzyme works on. AA ctive sites = place on enzyme where reactants bind.

30. Enzyme Regulation  Enzyme activity can be altered by changing working conditions. Ex: pH and temperature  Cells can make other proteins to turn “on or off” an enzyme.