1. Parametric Modeling Chapter Two

2. Training Manual January 30, 2001 Inventory #001449 2-2 2. Parametric Modeling The basic requirement for optimization in ANSYS (except topological optimization) is a parametric model (in file form.) In this module, we will: A.Define parametric modeling B.Review some APDL basics C.Present guidelines to build a parametric model and create an analysis file D.Work on one or two workshop exercises

3. Training Manual January 30, 2001 Inventory #001449 2-3 Parametric Modeling A. Definition & Purpose What is a Parametric Model? A model built and analyzed in terms of parameters (variables) instead of numbers. By simply changing the values of certain parameters in the model, you can build and analyze a new model. H1 H2 A1 A2 A3 H1

4. Training Manual January 30, 2001 Inventory #001449 2-4 Parametric Modeling...Definition & Purpose ANSYS allows you to “parameterize” not only the geometry but also other characteristics, e.g: –material properties –loads –number of constraints –maximum vertical deflection –minimum temperature –maximum stress

5. Training Manual January 30, 2001 Inventory #001449 2-5 Parametric Modeling...Definition & Purpose The basic requirement is that quantities to be used as DVs, SVs, and OBJ must be parameters. For example: –If volume is to be minimized (objective function), then the total volume must be available as a parameter. –If height H1 is to be declared as a design variable, the model geometry must be built in terms of H1. –If the design is constrained by a limit on compressive stress (state variable), the maximum compressive stress must be available as a parameter.

6. Training Manual January 30, 2001 Inventory #001449 2-6 Parametric Modeling...Definition & Purpose Every optimization run begins with a parametric model. The “output” from the parametric model is the analysis file, which is used as “input” for the optimizer. Analysis File Explore the Design Domain Optimize the Design Initial Design Parametric Model & Loading Solution Parametric Results

7. Training Manual January 30, 2001 Inventory #001449 2-7 Parametric Modeling...Definition & Purpose The analysis file contains ANSYS commands for the complete parametric analysis: –Modeling –Loading –Solution –Results review

8. Training Manual January 30, 2001 Inventory #001449 2-8 Parametric Modeling...Definition & Purpose Notes on the analysis file: –Same as the.log file with non-essential commands (plots, lists, graphics controls, etc.) removed. –Think of the analysis file as a format in which the parametric model must be “stored” for optimization purposes. –The optimizer runs the analysis file multiple times, using new parameter values each time. Since parameters are the essence of a parametric model, we will first review some basic APDL concepts.

9. Training Manual January 30, 2001 Inventory #001449 2-9 Parametric Modeling B. APDL Basics What is APDL? Acronym for ANSYS Parametric Design Language, a scripting language that allows you to parameterize your model and automate common tasks. Using APDL, you can: –input model dimensions, material properties, etc. in terms of parameters rather than numbers. –retrieve information from the ANSYS database, such as a node location or maximum stress.

10. Training Manual January 30, 2001 Inventory #001449 2-10 Parametric Modeling...APDL Basics APDL also allows you to: –perform mathematical calculations among parameters. –use array parameters to create and operate on vectors and matrices. –define abbreviations (short cuts) for frequently used commands or macros. –create a macro to execute a sequence of tasks, with if-then-else branching, do-loops, and user prompts.

11. Training Manual January 30, 2001 Inventory #001449 2-11 Parametric Modeling...APDL Basics In this section, we will concentrate on just the basic APDL capabilities: –how to define parameters –how to use them –how to retrieve information from the ANSYS database and assign them to parameters For details on other APDL capabilities, please refer to your APDL Programmer’s Guide.

12. Training Manual January 30, 2001 Inventory #001449 2-12 Parametric Modeling - APDL Basics Defining Parameters To define a parameter, use the format Name=Value –Can be typed in the input window or in the Scalar Parameters dialog (Utility Menu > Parameters > Scalar Parameters...) –Name is the parameter name, eight alphanumeric characters or less. –Value may be a number, a previously defined parameter, a mathematical function, a parametric expression, or a character string.

13. Training Manual January 30, 2001 Inventory #001449 2-13 Parametric Modeling - APDL Basics...Defining Parameters Examples: inrad=2.5 outrad=8.2 numholes=4 thick=outrad-inrad e=2.7e6 density=0.283 bb=cos(30) pi=acos(-1) g=386 massdens=density/g circumf=2*pi*rad area=pi*r**2 dist=sqrt((y2-y1)**2+(x2-x1)**2) slope=(y2-y1)/(x2-x1) theta=atan(slope) jobname=‘proj1’

14. Training Manual January 30, 2001 Inventory #001449 2-14 Parametric Modeling - APDL Basics...Defining Parameters Some naming rules: Parameter names must be eight characters or less (see note), beginning with a letter. Only letters, numbers, and the underscore character _ are allowed. Avoid underscore _ as starting character… reserved for ANSYS use. Names are not case-sensitive, i.e, “RAD” and “Rad” are the same. All parameters are internally stored in capital letters. Avoid common ANSYS labels such as STAT, DEFA, and ALL. Note: There are several undocumented features – use at your own risk! 1.Design variable names with up to 16 characters are recognized 2.Parameter names with a maximum of 32 characters may be entered

15. Training Manual January 30, 2001 Inventory #001449 2-15 Parametric Modeling - APDL Basics Using Parameters To use a parameter, simply enter its name in the appropriate field in the dialog box or on the command. For example, to define a rectangle using the parameters w=10 and h=5, –you can use the menu: Preprocessor > Create > Rectangle > By 2 Corners + –or commands: /prep7 blc4,,,w,h

16. Training Manual January 30, 2001 Inventory #001449 2-16 Parametric Modeling - APDL Basics...Using Parameters Note: Whenever you use parameters, ANSYS immediately substitutes their values. The rectangle in the previous example is stored as a 10x5 area, not as w x h. That is, if you change the value of w or h after creating the rectangle, the area will NOT be updated. This is true of most parametric substitutions and is the reason for storing the parametric model in the form of a command file (the analysis file).

17. Training Manual January 30, 2001 Inventory #001449 2-17 Parametric Modeling - APDL Basics...Using Parameters Other examples of using parameters: jobname=‘proj1’ /filnam,jobname! Jobname /prep7 ex=30e6 ! Exval would be safer mp,ex,1,ex! Young’s modulus force=500 fk,2,fy,-force! Force at KP 2 fk,6,fx,force/2! Force at KP 6

18. Training Manual January 30, 2001 Inventory #001449 2-18 Parametric Modeling - APDL Basics...Retrieving Database Information To retrieve information from the database and assign it to a parameter, use the *GET command or Utility Menu > Parameters > Get Scalar Data... A vast amount of information is available, including model and results data. Refer to the *GET command description for details.

19. Training Manual January 30, 2001 Inventory #001449 2-19 Parametric Modeling - APDL Basics...Retrieving Database Information Examples: *get,x1,node,1,loc,x! x1 = X coordinate of node 1 [CSYS]* /post1 *get,sx25,node,25,s,x! sx25 = X stress at node 25 [RSYS]* *get,uz44,node,44,u,z! uz44 = UZ displacement at node 44 [RSYS]* nsort,s,eqv! Sort nodes by von Mises stress *get,smax,sort,,max! smax = maximum of last sort etable,vol,volu! Store element volumes as vol ssum! Sum all element table columns *get,totvol,ssum,,ITEM,vol! totvol = sum of vol column *CSYS = In the active coordinate system (CSYS) RSYS = In the active results coordinate system (RSYS)

20. Training Manual January 30, 2001 Inventory #001449 2-20 Parametric Modeling - APDL Basics...Retrieving Database Information Some data can be retrieved with a get function. Examples: x1=nx(1)! x1 = X coordinate of node 1 [CSYS]* nn=node(2.5,3,0)! nn = node at or near (2.5,3,0) [CSYS]* k1=kpnext(0) ! k1 = lowest numbered keypoint (of selected) L1=lsnext(3) ! L1 = lowest numbered line > 3 (of selected lines) /post1 ux25=ux(25)! ux25 = UX at node 25 [RSYS]* temp93=temp(93)! temp93 = temperature at node 93 width=distnd(23,88)! width = distance between nodes 23 & 88 *CSYS = In the active coordinate system (CSYS) RSYS = In the active results coordinate system (RSYS)

21. Training Manual January 30, 2001 Inventory #001449 2-21 Parametric Modeling - APDL Basics...Retrieving Database Information You can use a get function directly in a field, just like a parameter. For example: k,10,kx(1),ky(3)! KP 10 at X of KP 1, Y of KP 3 [CSYS]* k,11,kx(1)*2,ky(3)! [CSYS]* f,node(2,2,0),fx,100! FX force at node(2,2,0) [CSYS]* lfillt,lsnext(0),lsnext(lsnext(0)),.5 ! Forms a fillet between 2 selected lines ! without referring to their numbers *CSYS = In the active coordinate system (CSYS)

22. Training Manual January 30, 2001 Inventory #001449 2-22 Parametric Modeling - APDL Basics...Retrieving Database Information APDL Summary: –Define parameters using the format Name=Value. –Value may be a number, a previously defined parameter, a mathematical function, a parametric expression, or a character string. –Use *GET or get functions to retrieve data from the ANSYS database. –ANSYS stores data in their actual form (numbers or strings), not in the form of parameter names.

23. Training Manual January 30, 2001 Inventory #001449 2-23 Parametric Modeling C. Procedure / Guidelines The procedure to build and analyze a parametric model is the same as for a normal ANSYS analysis except that parameters are used wherever appropriate: 1.Define parameters 2.Build the model using parameters where appropriate 3.Apply loads and obtain the solution using parameters where appropriate 4.Review results and parameterize desired data 5.Create the analysis file.

24. Training Manual January 30, 2001 Inventory #001449 2-24 Parametric Modeling...Procedure / Guidelines Step 1 - Define Parameters Use the standard Name=Value format to define parameters, in the Input window or in the Scalar Parameters dialog ( Utility Menu > Parameters > Scalar Parameters… ). No need to define all parameters in this step, but keeping all parameter definitions together makes for easier editing later (if needed). For parameters to be used as DVs, the values specified are used for the initial design only.

25. Training Manual January 30, 2001 Inventory #001449 2-25 Parametric Modeling...Procedure / Guidelines Steps 2, 3 - Modeling, Meshing & Loading Using Parameters Use parameters instead of numbers wherever appropriate. Avoid using graphical picking or entity numbers for modeling and loading operations. Use select logic, component names, or get functions instead.

26. Training Manual January 30, 2001 Inventory #001449 2-26 Parametric Modeling...Procedure / Guidelines For example, the following method is not recommended in a parametric model (except in very simple cases): SFL,4,PRES,500! Pressure on line 4 F,32,FY,-7500! Force on node 32 Instead, use select logic or get functions: LSEL,S,LOC,…! Select line by location SFL,ALL,PRES,500! Pressure on all selected lines LSEL,ALL F,NODE(1.5,3,0),FY,-7500 ! Node number by get function

27. Training Manual January 30, 2001 Inventory #001449 2-27 H1 H2 A1, A2, A3 Parametric Modeling...Procedure / Guidelines Remember that you can use parametric expressions and/or if- then-else branching to modify the parameters. Example: –If diameter is defined as a parameter, you can use diameter/2 to define a cylindrical volume using the CYLIND or CYL4 command. –If the truss bridge is modeled using half-symmetry, the cross- sectional area of the vertical member at the symmetry plane would be A2/2.

28. Training Manual January 30, 2001 Inventory #001449 2-28 Parametric Modeling...Procedure / Guidelines –If thk is defined as a parameter in a shell model and only three shell thicknesses are available (e.g, 1/8”, 3/16”, 1/4”), you can use an if-then-else construct (along with the appropriate OPLOOP setting for optimization looping - discussed later): et,1,63! Shell element type *if,thk,lt,2.5/16,then thk=1/8! Use 1/8 if thk < 2.5/16 *elseif,thk,gt,3.5/16,then thk=1/4! Use 1/4 if thk > 3.5/16 *else thk=3/16! Otherwise use 3/16 *endif r,1,thk! Define shell thickness

29. Training Manual January 30, 2001 Inventory #001449 2-29 Parametric Modeling...Procedure / Guidelines Step 4 - Parameterize the Results This means to retrieve results data and store them in parameters. Usually done in POST1, the general postprocessor. Results data, such as maximum deflection, maximum von Mises stress, and total volume, are typically used as state variables and objective functions. Use the *GET command ( Utility Menu > Parameters > Get Scalar Data… ) or get functions to retrieve results data.

30. Training Manual January 30, 2001 Inventory #001449 2-30 Parametric Modeling...Procedure / Guidelines Step 5 - Create the Analysis file The analysis file contains the command input used to build and analyze the parametric model. The optimizer uses it to loop through multiple designs. Analysis File Explore the Design Domain Optimize the Design Initial Design Parametric Model & Loading Solution Parametric Results

31. Training Manual January 30, 2001 Inventory #001449 2-31 Parametric Modeling...Procedure / Guidelines The sequence of commands on the analysis file follows the sequence you use to build and analyze the parametric model: –Parameter definitions (initial values) –Commands to define the geometry –Meshing commands –Commands for loads and boundary conditions –Solution commands –Commands to retrieve results data

32. Training Manual January 30, 2001 Inventory #001449 2-32 Parametric Modeling...Procedure / Guidelines Two ways to create the analysis file: –“Dump out” the command log stored in the ANSYS database. –Edit a copy of the log file (jobname.log). We will concentrate on the first method in this seminar.

33. Training Manual January 30, 2001 Inventory #001449 2-33 Parametric Modeling...Procedure / Guidelines To dump out the command log stored in the database, choose Utility Menu > File > Write DB Log File (LGWRITE command). –The default file name is jobname.lgw. –You can choose to write essential commands only or to write non-essential commands (plots, lists, etc.) as comments.

34. Training Manual January 30, 2001 Inventory #001449 2-34 Parametric Modeling...Procedure / Guidelines You might want to edit the analysis file using a text editor and: –Add descriptive comments using the ! character. Any text following ! is ignored by ANSYS as a comment. –Add some plot commands such as EPLOT and contour plots (PLNSOL,…). This way, when you run the optimization process interactively, you can see the model changing from one iteration to the next.

35. Training Manual January 30, 2001 Inventory #001449 2-35 Parametric Modeling...Procedure / Guidelines Be sure to test your analysis file and make sure it doesn’t cause errors or unrealistic models. To test the analysis file, simply re-input it into a new ANSYS session. –Use the /INPUT command –Or Utility Menu > File > Read Input from…

36. Training Manual January 30, 2001 Inventory #001449 2-36 Parametric Modeling Summary A parametric model, stored in the form of an analysis file, is required for ANSYS design optimization. APDL parameters are used to build and analyze the parametric model. The analysis file typically contains commands for: –Initial parameter values –Model geometry and meshing –Boundary conditions, loads, and solution –Results review and retrieval …or it could be a single line defining the objective function in terms of the design variables with APDL: Obj = 0.5*dv1**3 - 21*dv2**2 + 210*dv3 - 100

37. Training Manual January 30, 2001 Inventory #001449 2-37 Parametric Modeling D. Example Shown here is the analysis file for a rectangular plate model built with thickness defined as a discrete design variable thk. Other parameters defined are vol for volume and smax for maximum stress. thk=.25 /prep7 et,1,63 *if,thk,lt,2.5/16,then thk=1/8 *elseif,thk,gt,3.5/16 thk=1/4 *else thk=3/16 *endif vol=thk*400 r,1,thk! Plate thickness mp,ex,1,1e7 rect,,20,,20 amesh,1 finish /solu nsel,s,ext d,all,all! Fix exterior nodes nsel,all sf,all,pres,5! Pressure loading solve finish /post1 set,last top nsort,s,eqv *get,smax,sort,,max finish

38. Training Manual January 30, 2001 Inventory #001449 2-38 Parametric Modeling...Example Optimization input for the rectangular plate is shown here. Notice the use of the OPLOOP,PREP,PROCESS command to make sure that the thk definitions are processed. Details of the optimization procedure are presented in the next chapter. /opt! Optimization commands opvar,thk,dv,1/8,1/4! thk is the DV opvar,smax,sv,,21000! smax is the SV opvar,vol,obj! vol is the objective function optype,subp oploop,prep,process! Read analysis file from /PREP7, process DV settings opexe! Execute optimization oplist,all finish

39. Training Manual January 30, 2001 Inventory #001449 2-39 Parametric Modeling E. Workshop This workshop consists of two problems: 1.Parametric modeling of an axisymmetric rotating disk –A step-by-step description of the procedure. –You may choose to run this problem yourself, or your instructor may show it as a demonstration. 2.Parametric modeling of a hexagonal steel plate –Step-by-step description of most of the procedure. See your Design Optimization Workshop Supplement for details.