1. MULTI-COMPONENT FUEL VAPORIZATION IN A SIMULATED AIRCRAFT FUEL TANK C. E. Polymeropoulos Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Rutgers University 98 Bowser Rd Piscataway, New Jersey, 08854-8058, USA Email: poly@jove.rutgers.edu

2. MOTIVATION Generation of a flammable mixture within aircraft center fuel tank may result in explosion hazard Experimentation with Jet A vaporization in an instrumented laboratory tank has been used to assess the effect of different test conditions on the resulting fuel vapor concentrations (Summer, 1999) Evaluation of the experimental results (Summer, 1999) requires analytical consideration of: – the influence of different experimental parameters – the multi-component fuel vaporization

3. OUTLINE Brief discussion of the experiment and of the results (Summer, 1999) Description of the semi-empirical model Results and comparison with data Conclusions

4. SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF APPARATUS SUMMER (1999)

5. EXPERIMENTAL CONDITIONS/DATA Mass loading (mass of liquid/tank volume): 0.08 - 5.46 kg fuel/m 3 Fuel pan area : 0.09 m 2 - 2.05 m 2 Mean liquid temperature: 52 °C Unheated tank walls Data: Temporal evolution of the liquid, gas, and wall temperatures, and of the total propane equivalent HC concentration

6. Temporal Variation of Gas, Liquid and Mean Wall Temperatures, and of Propane Equivalent Hydrocarbon Concentration

7. PREVIOUS EXPERIMENTAL FINDINGS (Summer, 1999) Propane equivalent hydrocarbon concentration reached a maximum steady value which increased with mass loading The time for reaching maximum hydrocarbon concentration decreased with increasing mass loading Measured hydrocarbon concentrations were lower than those expected with equilibrium vaporization at the liquid temperature (Woodrow, 1977, Shepherd, 1977)

8. PHYSICAL CONSIDERATIONS 3D natural convection heat and mass transfer within the tank. – Tank dimensions: W/D = 2.4, H/D =1.3 – Liquid vaporization – Vapor condensation Multicomponent vaporization and condensation

9. PREVIOUS WORK Numerous previous investigations of heat transfer within enclosures –Review papers: Catton (1978), Hoogendoon (1986), Ostrach (1988), etc. –Correlations Few studies of heat and mass transfer within enclosures: –Single component fuel evaporation in a fuel tank, Kosvic et al. (1971) –Computation of single component liquid evaporation within cylindrical enclosures, Bunama, Karim et al. (1997, 1999)

10. MAJOR ASSUMPTIONS Well mixed gas and liquid phases – Uniformity of temperatures and species concentrations the gas and evaporating fuel – Ra g ≈10 9, Ra l ≈ 10 5 -10 6 Use of experimental liquid, gas, and wall temperatures Mass transport using heat transfer correlations and the analogy between heat and mass transfer for estimating film mass transfer coefficients Low evaporating species concentrations Approximate liquid Jet A composition based on previous published data and and adjusted to reflect equilibrium vapor data

11. PRINCIPAL MASS CONSERVATION AND PHYSICAL PROPERTY RELATIONS

12. Mass Transfer Correlations

13. Assumed Jet A Composition Based on data by Clewell, 1983, and adjusted to reflect for the presence of lower than C8 components

14. Assumed Jet A Composition by no. of Carbon Atoms

15. Computed and Measured Equilibrium Vapor MW

16. Computed and Measured Equilibrium F/A

17. Computed and Measured Equilibrium Vapor Pressure

18. Effect of Fuel Loading on Measured and Computed Propane Equivalent Fuel Vapor Concentrations

19. Evolution of Fuel Vapor in the Tank

20. Effect of Fuel Loading on Computed Fuel Vapor to Air Mass Ratio

21. Effect of Fuel Loading on Computed Fuel to Vapor Molecular Weight

22. Effect of Fuel Loading on the Steady State Vapor Mole Fraction

23. Results for the Floor Area Covered with Fuel

24. Results with a 30.5 x 30.5 cm Pan

25. CONCLUSIONS A semi-empirical model of Jet A vaporization together with previous experimental temperature data were used to compute the evolution of multi-component fuel vapor within the test tank ullage The liquid species composition was based on previous data adjusted to yield reasonable agreement with measured equilibrium vapor compositions at different fuel loadings There was good agreement between computed and experimental total vapor concentrations Computed results showed that steady state vapor concentration in the test tank was reached when the rate of vaporization equaled the rate of condensation on the tank walls

26. CONCLUSIONS (continued) Condensation on the tank walls had a strong influence on the ullage vapor concentration Depletion of light components as the fuel loading was decreased resulted in increase of the molecular weight of the resulting mixture For the cases considered computed vapor to air mass ratios ratios were in good agreement with those calculated from experimental propane equivalent PPM data using a constant fuel vapor MW of 132.4 and a carbon ratio of 3/9.58 The approach will be further tested to include current data with with a different size tank, sub- atmospheric pressures, and a spark igniter Extension using data with a full size tank when available

27. ACKNOWLEDGMENT The work was supported by the Fire Safety Division of the FAA William J. Hughes Technical Center, Atlantic City, New Jersey, USA. Helpful discussions with Richard Hill and Steven Summer of the Fire Safety Division are gratefully acknowledged