1. Chapter 10 Copyright Kaplan University 2009

2. The drawing of conclusions by the use of quantitative or qualitative information

4.  Inductive  Finding valid answers from examination of the data  Deductive  Finding valid answers using mathematic applications against the data

5.  Inductive  Studying relationship between two types of data  Ex: The rate of hypertension among smokers  Deductive  Proving or disproving of a hypothesis  Ex: Smoking causes high blood pressure

6.  An equation may be written using the same formula and have different applications in math or statistics  Consider the equation: y = mx + b  Mathematically: Formula for defining a straight line in geometry  Statistically: Formula for simple regression analysis

7.  Null Hypothesis  States there is no difference between the means of the two compared groups being studied  Alternative Hypothesis  States that there is a true difference between the means of the two compared groups being studied

8.  This list simplifies the steps to testing a null hypothesis for Statistical Significance

9.  Generally p (false positive) =.05 or 5%  Leads to a 95% confidence interval of arriving at the right hypothesis

10.  Obtain a “p” value for the data  Example:  Standard Deviation  Confidence Intervals  Mean, Mode and Median  Student t-test (1 or 2 tailed)  Compare the p values (answers) to the alpha level  Does this answer satisfy the null or alternative hypothesis?

11.  H 0 : Men who eat pizza three times a week will gain ten pounds over the three week period (Null Hypothesis)  H 1 : Men who eat pizza three times a week will not gain ten pounds over the three week period (Alternative Hypothesis)

12.  SubjectsPRE WtPOST WTDifference  112813810  210011010  311012010  414541-4  52012154  62002011  7198196-2  81571570  9300289-11  101941951  Mean173176

13.  Do you accept or reject the null hypothesis  Do you accept or reject the alternative hypothesis

15.  Most commonly used statistical test in medicine  Compares means of the variables of two research samples (groups)  May be used in research groups which differ  i.e. Male/Female; dogs/cats  May be 1 or 2 tailed (which affects interpretation)

16.  In regards to the “t” test and the use of “p”  If “t” is large (means of samples) then “p” is small (percentage of error) and the difference is regarded as real (i.e. believable)  If “p” is large (larger than 5%) then the difference is not real (unrealistic or unbelievable)

17. INTRODUCTION TO PREVENTATIVE MEDICINE

18.  Promotes general health  Prevention of disease  Application of epidemiological concepts  Aid in prevention  Aid in promotion

19.  A state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity -World Health Organization

20.  Good  Known as Eustress  Exercise  Infant stimulation  Bad  Known as distress  Mal-adaption  Environmental

21.  Mortality Data  Life Expectancy  Quality of Adjusted Life Years (QALY)

22.  Latent:  Also known as: “hidden”  Offers a window of opportunity for early detection  Symptomatic:  Produces clinical manifestations that are measurable  Tertiary:  Disease progression in the absence of intervention

23.  Primary:  Eliminate the cause of disease  Example: Vaccinations  Secondary:  Interrupt the disease process prior to symptoms occuring  Example: Medication or Surgical intervention  Tertiary:  Limiting physical and social consequences of symptomatic disease  Example: Rehabilitation/therapy

25.  Nutritional Factors – How important is this factor?

27. How can nutritional issues be addressed within the scope of preventive medicine.

28. What is the difference between Environmental and Occupational health promotion?

29. Explore routes of exposure to environmental hazards. How dangerous are these? What are some sources?

30.  Behavioral factors: How do we promote prevention here. Someone cite an example and let us discuss briefly?