2. Chapter 23 – War and Revolution section 1 – The Road to World War I

3. Causes of the War

4. Nationalism

5.  Can be a unifying force, but also leads to fierce competition  The key players in these nationalistic rivalries were Germany, Austria-Hungary, Great Britain, Russia, Italy, and France.  While Britain was the first to industrialize, Germany was quickly competing with Britain for industrial dominance.  A particularly intense rivalry existed between Austria-Hungary and Russia over the Balkans.  Slavic minorities in the Balkans and Austro- Hungarian Empire still dreamed of their own national states. Nationalism

6. Imperialism Since the mid-1800s, European nations competed for wealth and resources around the globe (ex. The Boer War.) As competition continued, rivalries and mistrust grew.

7. Militarism 1910-1914 Increase in Defense Expenditures France10% Britain13% Russia39% Germany73% Definition – the aggressive preparation for war In 1914, mobilization of a nation’s army was considered an act of war. In short, nationalism/imperialism lead to an intense arms race...

8. Entangling Alliances Triple Entente: Triple Alliance: WAR! Rivalry and mistrust  an alliance system, everyone wanted to make sure they had someone to “back them up.” Germany Austria- Hungary Italy England France Russia

9. The Outbreak of War The “Spark”

10. The Balkans, 1914 The “Powder Keg” of Europe As Ottoman Empire declined, ethnic groups in the Balkan area (Bulgaria, Serbia, Bosnia) sought independence. Austria-Hungary and Russia have interests in exerting their interests in the area 1914, Serbia supported by Russia, determined to create an independent Slavic state in the Balkins. A-H, Slavic population didn’t support.

11.  A-H vows to respond to any Serb “aggression.”  Russia secretly assures Serbia they will support them.  Enter the Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his family… Tensions Increase The archduke was the heir to A-H throne, and decided to tour Bosnia…perhaps in a show of strength Gavrilo Princip, a 19- year old member of Serbian nationalist group the “Black Hand” shot the archduke and his wife point-blank.

12. The Assassination: Sarajevo

13. The Assassin: Gavrilo Princip

14. The Outbreak of War After half-hearted negotiations, A-H declared war on Serbia on July 28, 1914... The alliance system then dragged all of Europe into war  Chain reaction of 1914: To support her ally (Serbia), Russia moved troops toward the A-H border (July 28)  Germany, supporting her ally (A-H) declared war on Russia (Aug. 2) and two days later, also declared war on (Russia’s ally) France. Germany declared war on neutral Belgium (Aug.4) Great Britain, feeling the threat and supporting her ally, France, declared war on Germany (Aug. 4)  WWI!

15. Who’s To Blame?

16. The Schlieffen Plan

18. Mobilization  Home by Christmas!  No major war in 50 years!  Home by Christmas!  No major war in 50 years! A German Boy Pretends to Be a Soldier

19. Trench Warfare “No Man’s Land”

20. Trench Warfare

21. Poison Gas Machine Gun

22. Flame Throwers Grenade Launchers

23. Krupp’s “Big Bertha” Gun

24. French Renault Tank

25. British Tank at Ypres

26. The Airplane

27. U-Boats

28. War Is HELL !!

29. Sacrifices in War

30. The Somme – July, 1916 e 60,000 British soldiers killed in one day. e Over 1,000,000 killed in 5 months. e 60,000 British soldiers killed in one day. e Over 1,000,000 killed in 5 months.

33. Women and the War Effort

34. Financing the War

35. For Recruitment

36. Munitions Workers

37. French Women Factory Workers

38. German Women Factory Workers

39. Working in the Fields

40. A Woman Ambulance Driver

41. Red Cross Nurses

42. Women in the Army Auxiliary

43. Russian Women Soldiers

44. Spies e “Mata Hari” e Real Name: Margareetha Geertruide Zelle e German Spy! e “Mata Hari” e Real Name: Margareetha Geertruide Zelle e German Spy!

45. Posters: Wartime Propagand a

46. Australian Poster

47. American Poster

48. Financing the War

49. German Poster Think of Your Children!

50. The Western Front: A “War of Attrition”

51. A Multi-Front War

52. The Western Front

53. The Eastern Front

54. The Gallipoli Disaster, 1915

55. Turkish Cavalry in Palestine

56. T. E. Lawrence & the “Arab Revolt”, 1916-18

57. T. E. Lawrence & Prince Faisal at Versailles, 1918-19

58. The Tsar with General Brusilov

59. The “Colonial” Fronts

60. Sikh British Soldiers in India

61. Fighting in Africa British Sikh Mountain Gunners Black Soldiers in the German Schutztruppen [German E. Africa]

62. Fighting in Africa 3 rd British Battalion, Nigerian Brigade

63. Fighting in Salonika, Greece French colonial marine infantry from Cochin, China - 1916

64. Americ a Joins the Allies

65. The Sinking of the Lusitania

66. The Zimmerman Telegram

67. The Yanks Are Coming! The Yanks Are Coming!

68. Americans in the Trenches

69. The War of the Industrial Revolution: New Technology

70. Allied Ships Sunk by U-Boats

71. The Flying Aces of World War I Eddie Rickenbacher, US Francesco Barraco, It. Rene Pauk Fonck, Fr. Manfred von Richtoffen, Ger. [The “Red Baron”] Willy Coppens de Holthust, Belg. Eddie “Mick” Mannoch, Br.

72. Curtis-Martin U. S. Aircraft Plant

73. Looking for the “Red Baron?”

74. The Zeppelin

75. “Art” of World War I

76. “A Street in Arras” John Singer Sargent, 1918

77. “Oppy Wood” – John Nash, 1917

78. “Those Who Have Lost Their Names” Albin Eggar-Linz, 1914

79. “Gassed and Wounded” Eric Kennington, 1918

80. “Paths of Glory” C. R. W. Nevinson, 1917

81. German Cartoon: “Fit for active service!”, 1918

82. 1918 Flu Pandemic: Depletes All Armies 50,000,000 – 100,000,000 died 50,000,000 – 100,000,000 died

83. 11 a.m., November 11, 1918 The Armistice is Signed!

84. 9,000,000 Dead 9,000,000 Dead

85. The Somme American Cemetary, France 116,516 Americans Died

86. World War I Casualties

87. Turkish Genocide Against Armenians A Portent of Future Horrors to Come!

88. Turkish Genocide Against Armenians Districts & Vilayets of Western Armenia in Turkey 19141922 Erzerum215,0001,500 Van197,000500 Kharbert204,00035,000 Diarbekir124,0003,000 Bitlis220,00056,000 Sivas225,00016,800 Other Armenian-populated Sites in Turkey Western Anatolia371,80027,000 Cilicia and Northern Syria309,00070,000 European Turkey194,000163,000 Trapizond District73,39015,000 Total 2,133,190387,800

89. Recruitment Posters