1. Energy & Mineral Engineering: Petroleum Geology Brooke Abrams Jesus Ramos Austin Jacob Aaron Womack SEEMS Team K

2. Why study Petroleum Geology? Shortage in natural resources Majority come from rocks Hypothesis: Fluid flow through fractured porous media is greater than fluid flow through unfractured porous media

3. Fluid Flow through Porous Media Fluids – Gas Natural Gas CO 2 – Liquids Water Oil Porous Media – Sand – Soils – Rocks Sedimentary Rocks – Limestone – Shale – Sandstone – Coal

4. Alluvial Environment RAIN Ocean Organics/soils Sandstone Limestone/Shale Boulders Stone Organic Detritus ShaleCoal Dead Sea Life Sand Beach Swamps

5. Porosity Sorting Definition: Measure of pore space in porous media. Packing Grain Shape High Low

6. Helium Porosimeter Boyle’s Law: Relation of P & V Pressure readings to get Volume measurements

7. Darcy’s Law Q= Flow Rate [cc/s] K= Permeability [D] ∆P= Difference in Pressure [atm] For Liquid Flow Relates Rocks and Fluid Properties to Pressure Difference and Flow rate = Viscosity [cP] L= Length [cm]

8. Absolute Permeability Experiment Bead Pack Experiment:  Set up  Vacuum  Pump  Measure Set: Flow Rate (Q) Measure: Pressure Difference (∆P )

9. Absolute Permeability Results ∆P (psi)∆P (atm)Q (mL/mn)Q (cm 3 /s)QµL 2.80.192.60.0433.01 2.950.20130.053.5 3.10.21140.0674.69 3.350.22850.0835.81 3.450.2355.60.0926.44 = Slope

10. Gas Permeability (P 1 ) Higher Pressure (V 1 ) Smaller Volume Gas flows from high to low P Gas expands from high to low P Boyle’s Law Darcy’s Law Porous Media (P 2 ) Lower Pressure (V 2 ) Larger Volume Boyle’s Law P 1 V 1 =P 2 V 2

11. Gas Permeameter Measure: ∆P Measure: Q

12. Measurements Made Unfractured RockFractured Rock ∆P [atm]Q [cc/sec]K [D].254.0.97.510.01.09 1.00502.26 ∆P [atm]Q [cc/sec]K [D].256.01.46.59.0.98 1.0062.02.82 Average K: Unfractured Average K: Fractured 1.44 [D]1.74 [D]

13. Example: Sandstone IMPROVEMENT FROM FRACTURE: 0.30 [D] Example: Shale What does this mean? Fractured increase can be applied to any rock! Average K: Unfractured Average K: Fractured 1.44 [D]1.74 [D] Average K: Unfractured Average K: Fractured 0.00001 [D]0.30001 [D]

14. Effects Positive Economical Natural Gas produces less Carbon Emissions Vast domestic reserves Negative

15. Acknowledgements College of Earth & Mineral Sciences Dr. Zuleima Karpyn Chris Landry Alton Aydin Ms. Jody Markley Mr. Derek James

16. Penn State View