1. Anatomy & Physiology
Unit 1 – Introduction

2. Anatomy & Physiology Anatomy Gross Anatomy Microscopic Anatomy
Study of structure & parts
Gross Anatomy
Large, easily observable structures
Microscopic Anatomy
Only viewable by microscope
Physiology
Study of function and how parts work

3. Molecules
Atoms
Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules

4. Smooth muscle cell
Molecules
Atoms
Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules
Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules

5. Smooth muscle cell
Molecules
Atoms
Smooth muscle tissue
Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules
Tissue level Tissues consist of similar types of cells
Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules

6. Smooth muscle cell
Molecules
Atoms
Smooth muscle tissue
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Blood vessel (organ)
Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules
Tissue level Tissues consist of similar types of cells
Organ level Organs are made up of different types of tissues
Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules

7. Smooth muscle cell
Molecules
Atoms
Smooth muscle tissue
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Blood vessel (organ)
Cardio- vascular system
Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules
Tissue level Tissues consist of similar types of cells
Organ level Organs are made up of different types of tissues
Organ system level Organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely
Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules

8. Smooth muscle cell
Molecules
Atoms
Smooth muscle tissue
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Blood vessel (organ)
Cardio- vascular system
Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules
Tissue level Tissues consist of similar types of cells
Organ level Organs are made up of different types of tissues
Organ system level Organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely
Organismal level Human organisms are made up of many organ systems
Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules

9. Organ Systems Integumentary Skeletal Muscular Nervous Endocrine
Cardiovascular
Respiratory
Digestive
Urinary
Lymphatic
Reproductive

10. Integumentary
system
Skeletal
system
Muscular
system
Cardiovascular
system
Lymphatic
system
Nervous system

11. Male
Reproductive
system
Female
Reproductive
system
Digestive
system
Respiratory
system
Urinary
system
Endocrine system
Male Female

12. Integumentary System Forms the external body covering
Protects deeper tissue from injury
Helps regulate body temperature
Location of cutaneous nerve receptors

13. Skeletal System Protects and supports body organs
Provides muscle attachment for movement
Site of blood cell formation
Stores minerals

14. Muscular System
Produces movement
Maintains posture
Produces heat

15. Nervous System Fast-acting control system
Responds to internal and external change
Activates muscles and glands

16. Endocrine System Secretes regulatory hormones Growth Reproduction
Metabolism

17. Cardiovascular System
Transports materials in body via blood pumped by heart
Oxygen
Carbon dioxide
Nutrients
Wastes

18. Respiratory
Keeps blood supplied with oxygen
Removes CO2

19. Digestive System Breaks down food
Allows for nutrient absorption into blood
Eliminates indigestible material

20. Urinary System Eliminates nitrogenous wastes
Maintains acid-base balance
Regulates water and electrolytes

21. Lymphatic System Returns fluids to blood vessels Cleanses the blood
Involved in immunity

22. Reproductive System
Produces offspring

23. Characteristics of Life

24. Characteristics of Life
Movement
Maintain boundaries
Response (reaction to change)
Growth (in size, not shape)
Reproduction (new organisms & cells)
Respiration
Digestion
Absorption
Circulation
Assimilation (changing absorbed substances into different forms)
Excretion (removal of metabolic wastes)

25. Requirements of Organisms

26. Requirements of Organisms
Water
Food
Oxygen
Heat
Pressure (breathing, circulation)

27. Homeostasis Dynamic equilibrium
Maintenance of a stable internal environment
3 parts:
Receptor – receives info; detects stimuli
Control center – determines set point & response
Effector – provides means for response to stimulus

28. Variable (in homeostasis)

29. Variable (in homeostasis)
Stimulus: Produces change in variable
Imbalance
Variable (in homeostasis)
Imbalance

30. Variable (in homeostasis)
Receptor (sensor)
Change detected by receptor
Stimulus: Produces change in variable
Imbalance
Variable (in homeostasis)
Imbalance

31. Variable (in homeostasis)
Input: Information sent along afferent pathway to
Control center
Receptor (sensor)
Change detected by receptor
Stimulus: Produces change in variable
Imbalance
Variable (in homeostasis)
Imbalance

32. Variable (in homeostasis)
Input: Information sent along afferent pathway to
Control center
Output: Information sent along efferent pathway to activate
Receptor (sensor)
Effector
Change detected by receptor
Stimulus: Produces change in variable
Imbalance
Variable (in homeostasis)
Imbalance

33. Variable (in homeostasis)
Input: Information sent along afferent pathway to
Control center
Output: Information sent along efferent pathway to activate
Receptor (sensor)
Effector
Change detected by receptor
Response of effector feeds back to influence magnitude of stimulus and returns variable to homeostasis
Stimulus: Produces change in variable
Imbalance
Variable (in homeostasis)
Imbalance

34. Stimulus
(Change occurs
in internal
environment.)
Response
(Change is corrected.)
Receptors
Effectors
(muscles or glands)
Control center
(set point)
(Change is compared
to the set point.)
Afferent Pathway
Efferent Pathway

35. Receptors
Thermoreceptors
send signals to the
control center.
too high
Normal body
Temperature
37°C (98.6°F)
Control center
The hypothalamus
detects the deviation
from the set point and
signals effector organs.
Stimulus
Body temperature
rises above normal.
Effectors
Skin blood vessels
dilate and sweat glands
secrete.
Response
Body heat is lost to
surroundings, temperature
drops toward normal.
too low
Normal body
temperature
37°C (98.6°F)
Control center
The hypothalamus
detects the deviation
from the set point and
signals effector organs.
If body temperature
continues to drop,
control center signals
muscles to contract
involuntarily.
Receptors
Thermoreceptors
send signals to the
control center.
Effectors
Skin blood
vessels constrict
and sweat glands
remain inactive.
Stimulus
Body temperature
drops below normal.
Muscle
Activity
Generates
body heat.
Response
Body heat is conserved,
temperature rises toward normal.

36. Homeostatic Mechanisms
Negative feedback (most common)
Prevent sudden changes
Shuts off original stimulus or reduces it
Positive feedback
Increases or adds to the change
Produces more instability & chaos
Blood clotting; child birth

37. Anatomical Terminology
Anatomical position
Standing erect
Facing forward
Upper limbs at the sides
Palms facing forward and thumbs out

38. Terminology Universal system, used for: Position Direction
Specific regions or structures

39. Directional Terms Superior (also: cranial or cephalad)
Above; toward head or upper part of structure/body
Inferior (also: caudal)
Below; away from head or toward lower part of structure/body
Ventral (also: anterior)
In front of; at/toward front of body

40. Directional Terms (continued)
Dorsal (also: posterior)
Behind; toward backside of body
Medial
On the inner side of; toward or at midline of body
Lateral
On the outer side of; away from midline of body
Proximal
Closer to origin of the body part (or point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk)
Used for the extremities

41. Directional Terms (continued again)
Distal
Farther from origin of body part (or point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk)
Used for the extremities
Superficial (also: external)
Toward or at the body surface
Deep (also: internal)
More internal; away from body surface
Ipsilateral – same side
Contralateral – opposite side

42. Anterior ( V
entral)
Posterior
(Dorsal)
Superior
Inferior
Medial
Lateral
Midline
Right
Left
Proximal
Distal

43. Regional Terms/Body Landmarks

45. Body Planes & Sections
Sagittal section – divides into left & right parts
Median (or midsagittal) section – divides into equal left & right parts
Frontal (or coronal) section – divides into anterior & posterior parts
Transverse (or horizontal, or cross) section – divides into superior & inferior parts

47. Sagittal
(Midsagittal)
Transverse
Coronal

48. A section along a frontal plane A section along a transverse
A section along the
median plane
Transverse
(horizontal)
Frontal
(coronal)
Parasagittal
Median
(midsagittal)

49. Other Body Sections
Cross Section
Oblique section
Longitudinal section

50. Body Cavities 2 layers: Visceral layer – covers an organ
Parietal layer – lines a cavity or body wall
Thoracic Membranes
Visceral pleura
Parietal pleura
Visceral pericardium
Parietal pericardium
Abdominopelvic Membranes
Parietal peritoneum
Visceral peritoneum
Parietal perineum
Visceral perineum

52. Body Cavities Dorsal Ventral Cranial cavity – houses brain
Vertebral cavity – houses spinal cord
Ventral
Thoracic cavity – heart, lungs
Abdominopelvic – digestive, urinary system organs

53. Body Cavities Cranial cavity Vertebral canal Thoracic cavity Diaphragm
Abdominopelvic
cavity
Abdominal
Diaphragm
Pelvic cavity
Cranial cavity
Vertebral canal
Body Cavities

54. Thoracic cavity
Abdominopelvic
cavity
Abdominal
Pelvic cavity
Right pleural
Mediastinum
Left pleural cavity
Pericardial
Diaphragm
Vertebral canal
Cranial cavity
Thoracic

55. Cranial cavity
Frontal sinuses
Sphenoidal sinus
Orbital cavities
Middle ear cavity
Nasal cavity
Oral cavity

56. Regions of the Body
Abdominopelvic Quadrants

57. Abdominopelvic Regions (more specific)
Right
hypochondriac
region
lumbar
iliac
Epigastric
Umbilical
Hypogastric
Left