1. CS154 A History of Computation Thaddeus Aid Department of Computer Science San Jose State University Spring 2016 Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License 1

2. Why Study Computer Science? The point is not to understand the world, but to transform it. ~ Karl Marx Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License 2

3. Before History…. Before numbers….. Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License 3 Source Wikipedia Commons

4. Then comes… The tally sticks led to numbers, and numbers lead to mathematics The formalization of numbers allowed for the discovery of arithmetic The Hindu-Arabic numbering system allowed for the further development of math There is quite a lot that you can figure out with some numbers, some operators, a piece of paper, and a stick of charcoal The purpose of computing is insight, not numbers. ~ Richard Hamming Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License 4

5. [Computer science] is not really about computers -- and it's not about computers in the same sense that physics is not really about particle accelerators, and biology is not about microscopes and Petri dishes...and geometry isn't really about using surveying instruments. ~ Hal Abelsonbiology So what is Computer Science about? Understanding problems in order to solve them. Is it a science? A math? An engineering discipline? It is all of these, every computer built and every program engineered is an empirical experiment into the realm of nature and mathematics. Does this experiment work? Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License 5

6. 2400 BCE – The Babylonian Abacus Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License 6

7. 100 CE - The Antikythera mechanism Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License 7

8. 200 CE – The Chinese Abacus Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License 8

9. 1000 CE – The Astrolabe Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License 9

10. 1100 CE - The Torquetum Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License 10

11. Islamic Robots? During this time, Islamic scholars also built analogue constructs that could do a number of things like play flute. Islamic Scholars also built the “Castle Clock” which could be programmed to strike a gong/bell/noise maker in order to call Muslims to prayer at the right times of day. Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License 11

12. 1822 CE – Charles Babbage's Difference Engine Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License 12

13. Babbage and Lovelace Charles Babbage came up with the idea of a machine that could be used to solve complex equations. Ada Lovelace came up with the idea of using repeatable programs to change the function of the machine. She is the mother of programming. Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License 13

14. 1837 CE – Babbage’s Analytical Engine Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License 14

15. 23 June 1912 – 7 June 1954 Alan Turing Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License 15

16. Turing Mathematician Logician Cryptanalyst Computer Scientist Theoretical Biologist Formalized the Algorithm Formalized Computability Artificial Intelligence Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License 16

17. The Enigma and Bletchley Park Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License 17

18. 1947 CE – The Transistor Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License 18

19. 1951 CE - UNIVAC Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License 19

20. 1955 CE – The Pilot ACE Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License 20

21. 1958 CE – The Integrated Circuit Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License 21

22. Dec 9, 1906 – Jan 1, 1992 – Admiral “Amazing” Grace Hopper Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License 22

23. Grace Hopper nee Murray Early programmer Invented the compiler Lead the effort to build FORTRAN and COBOL Coined the term “debugging” Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License 23

24. 1957 CE - Fortran Formula Translation First Compiled Language Considered one of the fastest languages in the world Imperetive Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License 24

25. 1958 - LISP List Processor Favored language for AI Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License 25

26. 1959 CE - COBOL Targeted business needs Procedural Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License 26

27. 1962 - Simula The introduction of Object Oriented Programming Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License 27

28. 1964 - Speakeasy Object Oriented Numerical package Lead to modern languages like Matlab and Mathmatica Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License 28

29. 1969 - C Dennis Ritchie and Ken Thompson developed this systems programming language at Bell Labs. Dennis RitchieKen Thompson It is hard to overestimate the influence that C has had on the world. Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License 29

30. 1972 - Prolog Logic Programming Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License 30

31. More languages 1980 C++ 1984 Matlab 1986 Objective C 1987 Perl 1990 Haskell 1991 Python 1995 Java 2007 Clojure Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License 31