1. Section 1: The Earth Inside and Out 1. The earth is the only living planet… * Continents – landmasses above water on earth

2. Solar System Consists of the sun and 9 known planets, (actually 8 now!) as well as other celestial bodies that orbit the sun.

3. Inside the Earth Core – center of the earth (iron and nickel) Mantle – several layers surrounding the core Crust – thin layer of rock at the earth’s surface

4. Biosphere The part of the earth where plants and animals live (atmosphere, lithosphere and hydrosphere)

5. On and Above the Earth Atmosphere – layer of gases surrounding the earth (contains oxygen, protects the earth from radiation and space debris, and provides a medium for weather and climate

6. Lithosphere Solid rock portion of the earth (includes crust and uppermost mantle, ocean floor, etc.)

7. Hydrosphere Made up of water elements of the earth (oceans, seas, rivers, lakes and water in the atmosphere)

8. 2. The earth consists of plates that float…

9. 3. The theory of continental drift explains the formation of continents

10. Section 2: Bodies of Water and Landforms 1. Water covers 71% of the earth’s surface…

11. Hydrologic Cycle 2. The water on earth is continuously circulated between the atmosphere, the oceans, and the earth

12. Drainage Basin - Area drained by a major river and its tributaries Ground Water – water held in the pores of rocks Water Table – the rim level at which rocks are saturated

13. Landforms Naturally formed features on the surface of the earth (See pg. 34-35 for all landforms) Relief – difference in elevation of a landform from lowest to highest point

14. Topography The combination of the surface shape and composition of the landforms and their distribution in a region

15. 3. The ocean floor and the continents have a continental shelf and slope

16. continental shelf

17. Continental Shelf Earth’s surface from the edge of a continent to the deep part of the ocean

19. III. Internal Forces Shaping the Earth a. The earth’s crust consists of number of tectonic plates

20. b. tectonic plates - enormous moving pieces of the earth’s lithosphere (p. 37)

22. Types of boundary movements: Divergent – plates move apart, spreading horizontally Convergent – Plates collide, causing either one plate to dive under the other or the edges of both plates to crumple Transform – plates slide past each other

23. c. Movement of the plates produces earthquakes and volcanoes i. Fault – fracture in the earth’s crust where plates move past each other

24. e.Volcanoes – crack in the earth’s surface where magma and gases pour out i.Lava – magma that has reached the earth’s surface

25. f.Earthquake - Violent movement of the earth as the plates grind or slip past each other at a fault

26. i. Seismograph – a device that measures the size of the waves created by and earthquake

27. ii.Epicenter Point directly above the focus of an earthquake on the earth’s surface

28. iii. Richter Scale – uses information collected by seismographs to determine the strength of an earthquake

29. iv. Tsunami A giant wave in the ocean caused by an underground earthquake

31. The Ring of Fire The most active volcano and earthquake zone on earth

33. IV. External Forces Shaping the Earth a. Weathering and erosion alter the surface of the earth i. Weathering – physical and chemical processes that change the characteristics of rock on or near the earth’s surface

34. v. Mechanical Weathering – processes that break rock into smaller pieces (doesn’t change the composition of rock, but the size) (ex: road construction) *Sediment - Small pieces of rock created by weathering (mud, sand or silt)

35. Examples of Mechanical Weathering

36. Camel Rock - Santa Fe, NM Example of Mechanical Weathering © Jon Benignus, 2011

37. vi. Chemical Weathering – occurs when rock is changed into a new substance as a result of interaction between elements in the air or water and minerals (example – iron rusting) © Jon Benignus, 2011 Why are the rocks red?

38. ii. Erosion Occurs when weathered material is moved by the action of wind, water, ice and gravity Erosion is transporting sediment

39. 2. Water, wind, and glaciers cause erosion… http://www.wwnorton.com/college/geo/animations/glacial_advance_retreat.htm

40. wind erosion Loess – windblown silt and clay sediment that produces very fertile soil

41. Water Erosion Delta – sediment is deposited in a fan-like landform when a river enters an ocean

42. Glacial Erosion Glacier – a large, long-lasting mass of ice that moves because of gravity

43. Glaciation – changing of landforms by slowly moving glaciers

44. Moraine Moraine – rocks left behind from a glacier that form a ridge or hill

45. Glacier

46. iii. Weathering and erosion help form soil 1.Soil Factors: –Parent Material –Relief –Organisms –Climate –Time

47. V. Distribution of Physical Features on Earth: i. How do plate tectonics, soil building & climate affect the location & distribution of physical features?

48. a. For the Ring of Fire, the location is due to being where the crust of the earth is very thin. This is the primary factor, plate tectonics, not climate. b. For the Great Plains, climate & type of soil are the primary factors in the location of this region. c. The climate of the Great Plains is Humid Continental, Semiarid and Humid Subtropical.

49. The type of soil is a major factor, in the Ring of Fire.Volcanic soil can be very fertile, as well as the soil in the Great Plains. D. Tropical Rainforest are located between the 23 ½ N Tropic of Cancer & 23 ½ Tropic of Capricorn, causes these areas to be quite warm and to have a lot of rain.

50. Earth-Sun Relationship

51. 1. Seasons are caused by the earth’s tilt (23.5) And revolution (365.25 days)

52. Rotation, revolution and tilt

53. Solstices Solstices happen in winter and summer when the sun’s most direct rays strike either the Tropic of Cancer (summer) June 21 or 22 Tropic of Capricorn (winter) Dec. 22 or 23

54. Equinox When you have 12 hours of day (daylight) and 12 hours of night (darkness) Autumnal Equinox – Sept. 23 rd Vernal Equinox – March 21st