1. Java Threads Lilin Zhong

2. Java Threads 1. New threads 2. Threads in the running state 3. Sleeping threads and interruptions 4. Concurrent access problems and solutions

3. Java Threads 5. Signaling with wait, notify, and notifyAll 6. When threads freeze: deadlock 7. Scheduling: problems and solutions 8. The end of the thread

4. Why Thread? Thread Java threads Example: Stockbroker

5. Stockbroker Download last stock prices Check prices for warnings Analyze historical data for company X Time 1 2 3 123

6. New Threads Public void run(); ProcessThreads

7. New Thread Creating a thread by: 1. Extending the Thread class 2. Implementing the Runnable interface

8. Creating a Thread by Extending the Thread Class Declaring public class MyThread extends Thread{ public void run(){ // Your instructions here } Instantiating - MyThread testThread=new MyThread();

9. By Implementing the Runnable Interface Defining - public class MyRunnable implements Runnable{ public void run(){ // Your instructions here} } Instantiating - MyRunnable firstRunnable = new MyRunnable; - Thread testThread = new Thread (firstRunnable);

10. Starting an Instance of a Thread testThread.start();

11. Java Threads 1. New threads 2. Threads in the running state

12. Threads in the Running State Execute run methods concurrently; Cooperate, share resources, compete; Take turns to run; Switch.

13. Java Threads 1. New threads 2. Threads in the running state 3. Sleeping threads and interruptions

14. Sleeping Threads and Interruptions -Thread.sleep(long n); e.g. Thread.sleep(5*60*1000); -sleepingThread.interrupt();

15. Java Threads 1. New threads 2. Threads in the running state 3. Sleeping threads and interruptions 4. Concurrent access problems and solutions

16. Concurrent Access Problems and Solutions - e.g. i++; - bring “i” to register; - add 1 to register; - store register onto “i”. ways to solve the problems: Using volatile to transmit single variables between two threads. Using synchronized to transmit groups of variables among multiple threads.

17. Volatile V setget 1V(1) copy Time V(2)2 copy V V 12 public class transfer{ private Object value; public set(value){ this.value=value; } public Object get(){ return value; } } set get

18. Volatile V V Time 1 2 set get V12 public class transfer{ private volatile Object value; public set(value){ this.value=value; } public Object get(){ return value; } } setget

19. Synchronized Time Thread 1Thread 2 Current ThreadWaiting Thread L1 Synchronized block

20. Synchronized public class StatusInfo{ private float temperature, pressure, nitroConcentration; public synchronized void update (float temperature, float pressure, float nitroConcentration){ this.temperature=temperature; this.pressure=pressure; this.nitroConcentration=nitroConcentration; } public synchronized void analyze(){ if (isDangerousCombination (temperature, pressure, nitroConcentration); stopManufacture(); }

21. Java Threads 1. New threads 2. Threads in the running state 3. Sleeping threads and interruptions 4. Concurrent access problems and solutions 5. Signaling with wait, notify, and notifyAll

22. Signaling With Wait, Notify, and notifyAll Using wait and notify by two interdependent threads Using notifyAll when many threads may be waiting

23. Signaling With Wait, Notify, and notifyAll void wait() Waits for a condition to occur void notify() Notifies a thread that is waiting for a condition that the condition has occurred void notifyAll() Notifies all the threads waiting for a condition that the condition has occurred

24. Wait, Notify synchronized(this){ try{ wait(); }catch(InterruptedException e){} } synchronized(this){ notify(); } L1 Time Current Thread Waiting Thread L1

25. NotifyAll Public class Multiplewriters{ private Object item; public synchronized void write(Object o) throws InterruptedException{ while (item!=null) wait(); item=o; notify(); // single writer, notifying one reader // is sufficient }

26. NotifyAll Public synchronized Object read() throws InterruptedException { while (item==null) wait(); Object myItem=item; item=null; notifyAll(); // multiple readers, // notifyAll ensures writer notification return myItem; }

27. Java Threads 6. When threads freeze: deadlock

28. When Threads Freeze: Deadlock Time Thread 1Thread 2 L1 Current Thread Waiting Thread L2 L1 L2 Blocks here waiting for L1 Blocks here waiting for L2

29. Java Threads 6. When threads freeze: deadlock 7. Scheduling: problems and solutions

30. Scheduling: Problem and Solution When does the current thread lose its turn at CPU: Yield()  Thread.yield(); //will give up the turn on the CPU Sleep, wait, or blocked by I/O Priority “time-slicing”

31. Scheduling: Problem and Solution Which thread will be the next to execute? Specify the priority of threads  setPriority(int n) n=1 to 10 Main5  Static final ints: MIN_PRIORITY1 NORM_PRIORITY5 MAX_PRIORITY10

32. Java Threads 6. When threads freeze: deadlock 7. Scheduling: problems and solutions 8. The end of the thread

33. The End of The Thread System.exit(n) Returning from run method Throwing an unchecked exception Blocked by I/O others

34. Summary How create threads by extending Thread and by implementing Runnable, and how to start them. How to share information effectively, threads use synchronized blocks of code.

35. Summary How to coordinate activity through time, using wait/notify model. What different thread states ( new, dead) are, when threads go in and out of sleeping, waiting, blocking on I/O, and acquiring lock states.

36. Example: Neko http://www.naviseek.com/book/java21/day10.shtml Neko12.java Neko.html

37. References: Java Threads, 2nd Edition, Scott Oaks & Henry Wong Multithreaded programming with Java technology, Bil Lewis & Daniel J. Berg Teaching yourself Java 1.2 in 21 days, Laura Lemay & Rogers Cadenhead Java How to program, third edition, Deitel & Deitel Java 2 certificate