1. Instructor: Ming-puu Chen Presenter : Ching-ting Lin Quality e-learning: Are there universal indicators? McLoughlin, C., & Visser, T. (2003). Quality in e-learning: Are there universal indicators? In C. McLoughlin, P. LeCornu, & W. Jackson (Eds.), Sustaining quality learning environments:Proceedings of the 16th Open and Distance Learning Association of Australia biennial conference. Canberra: Open and Distance Learning Association of Australia.

2. 2007/6/30 CSL Lab ICE.NTNU 2 Introduction Global perspectives on quality in online higher education –Accountability perspectives Using the language of “accreditation” and “benchmarks” –International marketing perspectives 不止考慮到數位學習的品質，更企圖去吸引全球市場中的學習 者 –Pedagogical, consumer-centric perspectives Aim to define quality as client-centered

3. 2007/6/30 CSL Lab ICE.NTNU 3 Benchmarks for online learning Unlike many countries with central government control over the quality –Its Department of Education has no such role Benchmarks are now set by: –AFT, American Federation of Teachers, listing 14 benchmarks (2000) –CHEA, the Council for Higher Education Accreditation, offering 7 areas, derived from 9 accrediting organizations (2002)

4. 2007/6/30 CSL Lab ICE.NTNU 4 Benchmarks for online learning (cont.) –CRAC, the Council of Regional Accrediting Commissions, listing five areas (2000) –NEA, the National Education Association, listing 24 benchmark (2001) –NSSE, the National Survey of Student Engagement offering five national benchmarks (2000) While in the USA, the national benchmarks reflect the perspectives of the sponsoring organizations –other nations’ quality mechanisms reflect the perspectives of governments

5. 2007/6/30 CSL Lab ICE.NTNU 5 International perspectives on quality 有許多聯盟成立 – 示意著將會有全球性的品質標準 – 以及全球市場的利益分享 – 但隱藏著危機 會產生貧富之間更大的落差 在課程中，對文化上的偏差 或許大眾教育會被多國企業所獨占

6. 2007/6/30 CSL Lab ICE.NTNU 6 Consumer-oriented perspectives Student satisfaction is “the most important key to continuing learning” 學習者不再等待著受支配，要相信他們有 能力去判斷學習的品質 – 有很多網際網路提供的服務，讓學習者可以運 用 – 例如： Amazon’s online review 、 IEEE “Standard for Learning Objects”

7. 2007/6/30 CSL Lab ICE.NTNU 7 Universal attributes of quality online courses 1. Engage students in active, experiential learning. 2. Build and sustain motivation by providing prompt and regular feedback. 3. Make expectations explicit and cultivate self- directed learners. 4. Provide interaction with others which allows negotiation and construction of knowledge. 5. Provide activities that allow for practice of new skills and foster transfer of new knowledge.

8. 2007/6/30 CSL Lab ICE.NTNU 8 Universal attributes of quality online courses (cont.) 6. Allow time and space for reflection on learning. 7. Balance individual and collaborative tasks for learning so that interpersonal and social elements are well integrated. 8. Align assessment processes with learning outcomes. 9. Provide accessible and structured support for student learning. 10. Ensure that teacher-student and student- student interaction are provided.

9. 2007/6/30 CSL Lab ICE.NTNU 9 END