1. APA Guide for Career Technology Education (CTE) Research Papers This Powerpoint was modified from Purdue University Online Writing Lab (OWL) and contains information from Guidelines for Preparing and Formatting APA Essays and Research Papers

2. What is APA? The American Psychological Association (APA) citation style is the most commonly used format for papers in the social sciences. APA has rules for: Writing Style In-text citations References

3. clear: be specific in descriptions and explanations concise: condense information when you can plain: use simple, descriptive adjectives and minimize figurative language APA Style: Language Language in an APA paper is:

4. General Format be typed and double-spaced be printed on standard- sized paper (8.5”x11”) use 1” margins on all sides use 12 pt. Times New Roman or a similar font include a page header (title) in the upper left-hand of every page and a page number in the upper right-hand side of every page Your paper should:

5. References Main Body ( Intro, Body & Conclusion) Main Body ( Intro, Body & Conclusion) Abstract General Format Title page Your paper should include four major sections:

6. Title Page Page header: title flush left + page number flush right (use Insert Page Header in Word) Title (in the upper half of the page, centered) + name + school name

7. Abstract Page Page header: on top left, page # on right Abstract: centered, at the top of the page Write a 150- to 250- word summary of your paper in an accurate, concise, and specific manner.

8. Main Body (Text) Number the first text page as page number 3 Type and center the title of the paper centered, at the top of the page Type the text double-spaced with all sections following each other without a break Identify the sources you use in the paper with in-text citations

9. References Page Center the title (References) at the top of the page. Do not bold it. Double-space reference entries Flush left the first line of the entry and indent all other lines Order entries alphabetically by the author’s last name

10. References: Basics Use this format: (Last Name, Initial of First Name) Example: (Smith, R.) Alphabetize reference list entries by the last name of the author Capitalize only the first letter of the first word of a title and subtitle, the first word after a colon or a dash in the title, and proper nouns.

11. References: Basics Capitalize all major words in journal titles Italicize titles of longer works such as books and journals Do not italicize, underline, or put quotes around the titles of shorter works such as journal articles or essays in edited collections

12. Making the References List 1.Identify the type of source: Is it a book? A journal article? A webpage? 2.Find an example of the type of source in the OWL APA Guide: http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/ http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/ or the “Guidelines for APA” handout pages 9-15, or on the following slides. 3. Use the sample as a guide to write your reference 4. Make sure that the entries are listed in the alphabetical order and all the rest of the lines are indented When compiling the reference list, follow this strategy:

13. APA “References” Entry for a Book (with one author or editor) The reference page entry for a book with one author should include Author’s Last Name, Initials (year of publication). Title of the book. Location: Publisher. Details about the APA entry in the above example: List only the first and middle (if available) initials of the authors’ names. Place the copyright date in parentheses immediately after the names of the author(s). Capitalize only the first word of the title—along with any proper nouns. Double space each entry. Dolan, E. F., Jr. (1986). Animal rights. New York: Franklin Watts. Sample entry:

14. APA “References” Entry for a Book (two to six authors or editors) Finsen, L. & Finsen, S. (1994). The animal rights movement in America: From compassion to respect. New York: Twayne Publishers. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Details about the APA entry in the above example: Note how both authors’ names are listed last name first. Follow this format for all authors’ names—up to and including six authors. With seven or more authors, follow the sixth name with the abbreviation et al. Use the ampersand (“&”) to link the last two names. Do not write out the word “and.” Once again, notice how the information breaks at the right-hand margin. Note that in this title you must capitalize the first word of the title and the proper noun (“America”). “From Compassion to Respect” is the subtitle of this work. Capitalize the first word of that subtitle as you would the main title of a work.

15. APA “References” Entry for a Book (an article, essay, or chapter in an edited collection) Murphy, E. (1996). Zoos do not help preserve endangered species. In D. Bender & B. Leone (Eds.), Animal rights: Opposing viewpoints (pp. 186-191). San Diego, CA: Greenhaven Press. __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Details about the APA entry in the above example: Do not place quotations marks around the title of the essay in this collection. Capitalize only the first word (and any proper nouns) in the titles of both the essay or chapter and the collection. Include the complete page numbers for the article or essay—not just for those pages you cited— in parentheses after the title of the collection.

16. APA “References” Entry for a Magazine or Journal Article Stokes, J. (2004). “Lion griefs”: The wild animal acts as theatre. New Theatre Quarterly, 20(2), 138-154. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Details about the APA entry in the above example: Include the year in which this particular issue of the magazine or journal was published in parentheses after the author’s name. The author of the article has used a quote (“Lion Griefs”) in the main title of his article; otherwise no part of the article title would be included in quotations. The title of the journal itself should be italicized. Note that in APA style, all the key words in the journal title are capitalized. Place a comma immediately following the journal title, then add the volume number (italicized). If the journal or magazine is paginated by each issue number, then also include the issue number (in parentheses) after the volume number. Following the volume (and issue) number, indicate the complete page numbers on which that article appears in the magazine. Do not use the abbreviations “p.” or “pp.” for the page numbers.

17. APA “References” Entry for a Website Animal circuses, animal suffering. (2001). The captive animals’ protection society. Retrieved October 12, 2004, from http://www.captive animals.org. http://www.captive _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Details about the APA entry in the above example: In this case, “Animal Circuses, Animal Suffering” is one of the articles posted on this website. Where there is no title, provide a description (such as Home page), but do not underline or italicize that description and do not include it in quotation marks. Underline (or italicize) the name of the website. This entry includes two dates—the first is the date when this article/information was last updated; the second is the date of access (when you visited the website). If there is no date available for the document use (n.d.) for no date.

18. A Sample “ References” P age THE MISTREATMENT OF ANIMALS IN CAPTIVITY 8 References Circus (1991). In The new encyclopaedia Britannica (Vol. 3, p. 328). Chicago: Encylcopaedia Britannica. Circus elephants on trial (2001). Scholastic Action, 25.2, 4. Dolan, E.F., Jr. (1986). Animal Rights. New York: Franklin Watts. Fox, Dr. M.W. (1980). Returning to Eden: Animal rights and human responsibility. New York: Viking Press. MacDonald, M. (2003). All for show? E Magazine, 14.6, 14-16. Malamud, R. (1998). Reading zoos: Representations of animals and captivity. New York: New York University Press. Patterson, C. (1993). Animal rights. Hillside, NJ: Enslow Publishers. Ringling Bros. (n.d.) Norfolk, VA: PETA.org. Retrieved October 8, 2004, from http://www.circuses.com.. Roleff, T. L. & Hurley, J.A., eds. (1999). The rights of animals. San Diego, CA: Greenhaven Press. Schell, P. (2000). Three-ring debate. Current Event, 99.21, 3. Stokes, J.. (2004). “Lion griefs”: The wild animal act as theatre. New Theatre Quarterly 20.2, 138-154.  Use standard one- inch margins on all four sides. Your page title (“References”) title should be printed 1” from the top of the pagetop.

19. Sources of Information The sources of your information must be documented in the body of the paper by citing the author(s) and date(s) of the sources. Why? Because… you must give credit to the ideas and words of others. Credit is given in 2 places: in the text (in-text citation) and on the references page.

20. In-text Citations: Basics In-text citations give credit to the sources and help readers locate the cited source in the References section of the paper. Whenever you use a source, provide in parenthesis: the author’s last name and the date of publication for direct quotations, provide the author’s last name, date of publication, and a page number

21. In-text Citations: Formatting Quotations Nakayama (2010) stated that Hawaii “has an interesting culinary history that has brought about this melting pot of cuisines” (p.1). Hawaii’s cuisine is described as having “an interesting culinary history that has brought about this melting pot of cuisines” (Nakayama, 2010, p.1). When quoting, introduce the quotation with a phrase. Make sure to include the author’s name, the year of publication, the page number. Here are two examples of the same quote:

22. In-text Citations: Formatting a Summary Provide the author’s last name and the year of publication in parenthesis after a summary. According to Jones (1998), APA style is a difficult citation format for first-time learners. or APA style is a difficult citation format for first-time learners (Jones, 1998).

23. In-text Citations: Signal Words Introduce quotations with signal phrases, for example: According to Jones (2008), “….” (p. 3). Jones (2008) argued that “……” (p. 3). Use such signal verbs as: acknowledged, reported, argued, concluded

24. In-text Citations: A Work with Three to Five authors When citing a work with three to five authors, identify all authors in the signal phrase or in parenthesis. (Harklau, Siegal, & Losey, 1999) If you cite the authors later in the paper, use only the first author's last name followed by "et al." (Harklau et al., 1999)

25. In-text Citations: A Work of Unknown Author When citing a work of an unknown author, use the source’s full title in the signal phrase. According to “History of Hawaii Cuisine” (2001), … If citing the unknown author at the end of a summary, simply and cite the first word of the title followed by the year of publication in parenthesis. (“History,” 2001)

26. In-text Citations: Organization When citing an organization, mention the organization the first time when you cite the source and include the abbreviation in parenthesis. The data collected by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) confirmed that… Later in the paper you can use the abbreviation. The FDA confirmed that the students got sick from eating the hamburgers from the school lunch (2008).

27. In-text Citations: Personal communication When citing interviews, letters, e-mails, etc., include the communicator’s name, the fact that it was personal communication, and the date of the communication. Do not include personal communication in the reference list. A. P. Smith also claimed that many of her students had difficulties with APA style (personal communication, November 3, 2002). or (E. Robbins, personal communication, January 4, 2001).

28. In-text Citations: Electronic sources When citing an electronic document, whenever possible, cite it in the author-date style. If electronic source lacks page numbers, locate and identify paragraph number/paragraph heading. According to Smith (1997),... (Mind over Matter section, para. 6).

29. Additional APA Resources The Purdue OWL http://owl.english.purdue.edu http://owl.english.purdue.edu APA’s website http://www.apastyle.org