2. GROUPS OF CELLS WITHIN THE BODY FORM TISSUES J. Hinson Human Anatomy and Physiology JCHS

3. I. Epithelial Tissues A. General Info 1.Line all inner and outer body surfaces 2.Anchored by a basement membrane 3.Lack blood vessels 4.Reproduce readily 5.Functions: protection, secretion, absorption, excretion, and sensation

4. I.Epithelial Tissues simple squamous A. Defined: single layer of thin, flattened cells; thin/broad nuclei; easily damaged B. Function: filtration, diffusion, osmosis C. Location: -Air sacs of lungs -Capillary walls -Line blood vessels

5. I.Epithelial Tissues simple squamous

6. I.Epithelial Tissues simple cuboidal A. Defined: single layer of cube-shaped cells; central spherical nuclei B. Function: secretion, absorption C. Location: -Surface of ovaries -Line kidney tubules -Line gland ducts

7. I.Epithelial Tissues simple cuboidal

8. I.Epithelial Tissues simple columnar A. Defined: single layer of elongated cells; nuclei near the basement membrane B. Function: protection, secretion, absorption C. Location: -Line uterus -Line digestive tract

9. I.Epithelial Tissues simple columnar

10. I.Epithelial Tissues Pseudostratified columnar A. Defined: columnar cells that appear layered; nuclei at different levels -Contain goblet cells that secrete mucus -Most contain cilia B. Function: protection, secretion, movement of mucus and sex cells C. Location: -Line respiratory passages -Line reproductive tubes

11. I.Epithelial Tissues Pseudostratified columnar

12. I.Epithelial Tissues Stratified squamous A. Defined: many layers of cells make thick tissues; reproduce in deep layers and push cells up -“Stratified” means layered B. Function: protection C. Location: -skin -Line mouth, throat, vagina, rectum

13. I.Epithelial Tissues Stratified squamous

14. I.Epithelial Tissues transitional A. Defined: -contracted: several layers of cuboidal cells -Distended: few layers B. Function: distensibility, protection C. Location: -Line urinary bladder -Line urinary tract

15. I.Epithelial Tissues transitional

16. I.Epithelial Tissues glandular A. Defined: specialized cells w/in cuboidal and columnar epitheilium -Endocrine or exocrine B. Function: secreting C. Location: -Merocrine: salivary, pancreatic, sweat -Apocrine: mammary, sweat -Holocrine: sebaceous

17. Epithelial Tissues glandular

18. Ii. Connective Tissues A. General Info 1.Functions: binds, supports, framework, fills spaces, stores fat, produces blood cells, protects against infections, repairs tissues 2.Most abundant tissue type

19. Ii. Connective Tissues A. General Info 3. Contain intracellular matrix and ground substance 4. May reproduce 5. Good blood supply 6. May be rigid or flexible

20. Ii. Connective Tissues B. Cells  Fibroblasts: large, star- shaped cell produces fibers http://biodidac.bio.uottawa.ca/ftp/BIODIDAC/ZOO/HISTO/CELL/T4-20.GIF

21. Ii. Connective Tissues B. Cells 2. Mast Cells: large cells release - heparin: no clot - histamine: inflammatory response http://mmserver.cjp.com/images/image/2559041.jpg

22. Ii. Connective Tissues B. Cells 3. Macrophages: phagocytic cells that “eat” foreign particles; some WBCs http://www.itb.cnr.it/flex/images/D.0ce220a1911164afd50b/bor aschi_1.jpg

23. Ii. Connective Tissues C.Tissue Fibers 1.Collagenous: collagen protein fibers grouped in long parallel bundles; flexible (slightly elastic); high tensile strength - Ex: tendons http://www.b ath.ac.uk/pr/ releases/new kneepics/coll agen.JPG

24. Ii. Connective Tissues C. Tissue Fibers 2. Elastic: elastin microfibrils embedded in proteins; decreased strength; increased flexibility - Ex: vocal cords 3.Reticular: very thin collagen fibers

25. II. Connective Tissues Loose connective (Areolar) A. Defined: delicate, thin membrane; mainly fibroblastic cells B. Function: bind organs together; hold tissue fluids C. Location: -Beneath skin -Between muscles -Beneath epithelium

26. II. Connective Tissues Loose connective (Areolar)

27. II. Connective Tissues Adipose (AKA: fat) A. Defined: specialized loose connective; fat globules within B. Function: protection; insulation; store fat (energy) C. Location: -Beneath skin -Around kidneys, heart -Behind eyes

28. II. Connective Tissues Adipose (AKA: fat)

29. II. Connective Tissues Fibrous (Dense ordinary) A. Defined: closely packed with thick collagenous fibers B. Function: bind organs together C. Location: -Tendons -Ligaments -Deep skin

30. II. Connective Tissues Fibrous (Dense ordinary)

31. II. Connective Tissues Cartilage Defined: rigid substance; chondrocytes surrounded by ground substance; lacks direct blood supply http://www.orthop.washingt on.edu/_Rainbow/Album/10 357me42493ea-0326-453f- ad31-1c2fcf4ee66d.jpg

32. II. Connective Tissues Hyaline Cartilage A. Defined: fine collagen fibers in a matrix -“Milk Glass” appearance -Most common cartilage B. Function: support, protection, framework C. Location: -Ends of bones -Nose -Respiratory rings

33. II. Connective Tissues Hyaline Cartilage

34. II. Connective Tissues Elastic Cartilage A. Defined: dense network of elastic fibers; some flexibility B. Function: support, protection, flexible framework C. Location: -Ear -Larynx

35. II. Connective Tissues Elastic Cartilage

36. II. Connective Tissues fibrocartilage A. Defined: large collagen fibers; tough B. Function: support, protection, shock absorption C. Location: -Intervertebral disc -Meniscus

37. II. Connective Tissues fibrocartilage

38. II. Connective Tissues Bone A. Defined: most rigid- mineral content; high collagen; contain osteocytes B. Function: support, protection, framework C. Location: -Skeleton (bones)

39. II. Connective Tissues Bone

40. II. Connective Tissues Blood (Vascular Tissue) A. Defined: RBCs, WBCs, and platelets suspended in plasma B. Function: transports substances; helps maintain a stable environment C. Location: -Blood vessels -heart

41. II. Connective Tissues Blood (Vascular Tissue)

42. II. Connective Tissues Reticulo- endothelial A. Defined: composed of phagocytic cells B. Function: defense against disease C. Location: -Lungs -Brain -Liver -Lymph nodes

43. II. Connective Tissues Reticulo- endothelial

44. Iii. Muscle Tissue A. General Info 1.Contractile: muscle fibers can change shape by getting shorter or thicker 2.Three types http://www.agen.ufl.edu/~chyn/age2062/lect/lect_19/146.gif

45. III. Muscle Tissue Skeletal A. Defined: voluntary – conciously controlled; long, threadlike w/ striations (striped appearance) B. Function: voluntary movement of bones C. Location: -Muscles attached to bones

46. III. Muscle Tissue Skeletal

47. III. Muscle Tissue Smooth A. Defined: involuntary; cells lack striations; shorter B. Function: involuntary movement of internal organs C. Location: -Walls of hollow internal organs

48. III. Muscle Tissue Smooth

49. III. Muscle Tissue Cardiac A. Defined: involuntary; only in heart; striated cells joined end to end via intercalated discs B. Function: involuntary contraction of the heart C. Location: -Heart muscle

50. III. Muscle Tissue Cardiac

51. IV. Nervous Tissue A. Functions: sensitivity and conductivity of nerve impulses 1. coordinate, regulate, and integrate body functions B. Location: brain, spinal cord, nerves C. Nerve cells = neurons

52. IV. Nervous Tissue D. Neuroglial cells: support, carry on phagocytosis, supply nutrients by connecting to blood vessels http://library.thinkquest.org/C0126536/glial.gif

53. IV. Nervous Tissue