1. Science 10 FEEDING RELATIONSHIPS

2. http://www.eduweb.com/portfolio/earthsystems /food/foodweb2.html

3. IMPORTANT TERMINOLOGY

4. SOURCE OF ENERGY FOR ALL ECOSYSTEMS IS THE SUN

6.  Photosynthesis is the process by which plants convert energy from sun to usable energy for humans  Human survival depends on the stored energy in agricultural ecosystems

7. Animals that get energy from eating plants Possess special digestive systems for digesting all kinds of plants Need a lot of energy to stay alive May eat all day long  Possess special digestive systems for digesting all kinds of plants  Need a lot of energy to stay alive  May eat all day long HERBIVORES

8. Animal that eats either other animals or plants  Some will hunt and others will scavenge for dead matter or eggs of other animals Generally eat only the fruits and vegetable of fruit-bearing plants OMNIVORES

9. Generally eat herbivores, but will also eat omnivores  Require large amounts of energy in order to hunt and kill  The bigger the carnivore, the more it has to eat. Important to the ecosystem because they keep other species from becoming overpopulated. CARNIVORES

10. DECOMPOSERS

11.  Important terms:  Trophic levels  Detrivores  Decomposers  Pyramid of Numbers  Pyramid of Biomass  Pyramid of Energy Flow SECTION 1.2 FEEDING LEVELS

12.  First trophic level – always plants  Second trophic level – primary consumers  Third trophic level – secondary consumers FEEDING LEVELS

13.  Energy flows through the food chain but only about 10% of the energy is passed on from one trophic level to the next.  Ex: Plant has 100kJ, caterpillar uses 10% for life processes, 90% is lost as heat or waste

14.  Food chains are useful for describing basic feeding relationships among organisms  Pyramids illustrate different feeding relationships  visual comparisons among organisms at different trophic levels within the same pyramid and between pyramids  Pyramid of Numbers  Pyramid of Biomass  Pyramid of Energy ENVIRONMENTAL PYRAMIDS

15.  Shows the numbers of organisms that are required to feed the next trophic level.  The greatest number of organisms is in the first trophic level, least number on top of the trophic level PYRAMID OF NUMBERS

17.  Shows the relative mass of the organisms at each trophic level  Shows the energy available in each trophic level  More useful than pyramid of numbers because it takes into account the size of the organism PYRAMID OF BIOMASS

19.  Shows the amount of nutrient energy at each trophic level (difficult to measure  Shows how the energy available at each trophic level is greatest at the bottom of the food chain and least at the top  Pyramid of energy is always upright and cannot be inverted, the other pyramids can be PYRAMID OF ENERGY FLOW

21. PYRAMID OF ENERGY

22.  http://www.vtaide.com/png/oceanchain.htm http://www.vtaide.com/png/oceanchain.htm

23.  Organisms that receive energy from dead plant and animal material  Make up majority of food chains  Scavengers eat the remaining energy in large dead organisms  Ex: Vultures eat the carcasses of dead animals DECOMPOSER FOOD CHAINS

24.  Decomposers – types of organisms that break down cells to extract remaining energy  Ex: fungi and bacteria

26. SYMBIOSIS  Mutualism: 2 species benefit from the relationship  Example: algae lives in coral. The algae gives the coral energy and the coral gives the algae protection and carbon dioxide.  Commensalism: 1 species benefits while the other is unaffected. (shark and remora)  Parasitism: when an organism benefits at the expense of a different organism. (human and tapeworm)

27.  http://faculty.southwest.tn.edu/rburkett/ES%20- %20%20understanding_the_environment.htm http://faculty.southwest.tn.edu/rburkett/ES%20- %20%20understanding_the_environment.htm  http://www.globalchange.umich.edu/gctext/Inquiries/Inquirie s_by_Unit/Unit_4.htm http://www.globalchange.umich.edu/gctext/Inquiries/Inquirie s_by_Unit/Unit_4.htm REFERENCES/RESOURCES