1. Vision is hard Humans - vision is easy - chess is hard Computers
- chess is easy

2. Origins of image variability
Illumination
Scale
Translation
Rotation
Deformation

3. Illumination invariance
Light from an object depends on illumination, as well as absorption.
Even black and white depend on context.
Center-surround antagonism is helpful for ignoring illumination.

4. Checker-shadow illusion
Courtesy of Professor Edward H. Adelson. Used with permission.

5. Checker-shadow illusion
Courtesy of Professor Edward H. Adelson. Used with permission.

6. Selectivity and invariance
The sensory world is in eternal flux.
Yet we perceive an underlying constancy.

7. Cortical area 17 Occipital lobe Brodmann area Synonyms - area17
- primary visual
cortex
- V1
- striate cortes
Macaque Monk y
Human
1cm
1cm
Area 17
Area 17
Calcarine Fissure
Figure by MIT OCW. After figure in: Bear, Mark F., Barry W. Connors, and Michael A.
Paradiso. Neuroscience: Exploring the Brain. 2nd ed. Baltimore, Md.: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins,
2001. ISBN:

8. Simple cell receptive field
Elongated ON and OFF subregions
Antagonistic organization
Images removed due to copyright reasons. Please see figures a, b, and c in: Bear, Mark F.,
Barry W. Connors, and Michael A. Paradiso. Neuroscience: Exploring the Brain. 2nd ed. Baltimore,
Md.: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, ISBN:

9. Orientation selectivity
Receptive field
Visual stimulus
Cell discharge
Figure by MIT OCW. After figure in: Bear, Mark F., Barry W. Connors, and Michael A.
Paradiso. Neuroscience: Exploring the Brain. 2nd ed. Baltimore, Md.: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins,
2001. ISBN:

10. Direction selectivity
Visual stimulus
Receptive
field
Direction of
movement
Direction of
movement
Receptive
field
Layer IVB cell discharge
In response to left-right
Stimulus movement
Layer IVB cell discharge
In response to left-right
Stimulus movement
Figure by MIT OCW. After figure in: Bear, Mark F., Barry W. Connors, and Michael A.
Paradiso. Neuroscience: Exploring the Brain. 2nd ed. Baltimore, Md.: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins,
2001. ISBN:

11. Complex cell receptive field
Visual
stimulus
Receptive
field
Light: ON
OFF
Record of
Action
potentials
Time
Figure by MIT OCW. After figure in: Bear, Mark F., Barry W. Connors, and Michael A.
Paradiso. Neuroscience: Exploring the Brain. 2nd ed. Baltimore, Md.: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins,
2001. ISBN:

12. Selectivity and invariance
Simple cells
- selective to stimulus orientation
Complex cells
- invariant to stimulus location

13. Laminar organization Basic six-layer design
Striate cortex has nine layers
Images removed due to copyright reasons. Please see figure in: Bear, Mark F.,
Barry W. Connors, and Michael A. Paradiso. Neuroscience: Exploring the Brain. 2nd ed.
Baltimore, Md.: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, ISBN:

14. Columnar organization
Column: group of cells encountered in radial direction
Cells in a column have similar receptive field properties

15. Cortical maps
Images removed due to copyright reasons.

16. Transneuronal autoradiography
Images removed due to copyright reasons. Please see figure in: Bear, Mark F.,
Barry W. Connors, and Michael A. Paradiso. Neuroscience: Exploring the Brain. 2nd ed.
Baltimore, Md.: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, ISBN:

17. Ocular dominance columns
Images removed due to copyright reasons. Please see figures a and b in: Bear, Mark F.,
Barry W. Connors, and Michael A. Paradiso. Neuroscience: Exploring the Brain. 2nd ed.
Baltimore, Md.: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, ISBN:

18. Cytochrome oxidase blobs
Images removed due to copyright reasons. Please see figures a and b: Bear, Mark F.,
Barry W. Connors, and Michael A. Paradiso. Neuroscience: Exploring the Brain. 2nd ed.
Baltimore, Md.: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, ISBN:

19. Parallel pathways
Interblob
Blobs
Blobs
II and III
II and III
II and III
IVB
IVB
IVB
Striate Cortex
IVC
IVC
IVC
Magnocellular
LGN Layer 2
Parvocellular
LGN Layers
4 and 6
Parvocellular
LGN Layers
3 and 5
Koniocellular
Layers Ventral
To LGN Layers
2 and 3
Koniocellular
Layers Ventral
To LGN layers
1 and 4
Mlagoncellular
LGN Layer 1
Contralateral
Retina: M-type
Ganglion Cell
Ipsilateral
Retina: M-type
Ganglion Cell
Contralateral
Retina: P-type
Ganglion Cell
Ipsilateral
Retina: P-type
Ganglion Cell
Contralateral
Retina: nonP-nonM
Ganglion Cell
Ipsilateral
Retina: nonP-nonM
Ganglion Cell
Figure by MIT OCW. After figure in: Bear, Mark F., Barry W. Connors, and Michael A.
Paradiso. Neuroscience: Exploring the Brain. 2nd ed. Baltimore, Md.: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins,
2001. ISBN:

20. Parallel processing M channel: motion P-IB channel: Shape
Blob channel: color

21. Ocular dominance columns
Image removed due to copyright reasons.
Orientation map
Images removed due to copyright reasons. Please see figures B and C in Box 10.2 in: Bear, Mark F.,
Barry W. Connors, and Michael A. Paradiso. Neuroscience: Exploring the Brain. 2nd ed. Baltimore,
Md.: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, ISBN:

22. Variation of preferred orientation
Image removed due to copyright reasons.
Cortical module
Images removed due to copyright reasons. Please see figures and in: Bear, Mark F.,
Barry W. Connors, and Michael A. Paradiso. Neuroscience: Exploring the Brain. 2nd ed. Baltimore,
Md.: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, ISBN:

23. Extrastriate cortex Dorsal Stream Ventral Stream
Other Dorsal
Areas
Other Ventral
Areas
Ventral Stream
Figure by MIT OCW. After figure in: Bear, Mark F., Barry W. Connors, and Michael A.
Paradiso. Neuroscience: Exploring the Brain. 2nd ed. Baltimore, Md.: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins,
2001. ISBN:

24. Visual areas in the human brain
Images removed due to copyright reasons. Please see figure in: Bear, Mark F.,
Barry W. Connors, and Michael A. Paradiso. Neuroscience: Exploring the Brain. 2nd ed.
Baltimore, Md.: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, ISBN:

25. Visual motion area in humans
Images removed due to copyright reasons. Please see figure in: Bear, Mark F.,
Barry W. Connors, and Michael A. Paradiso. Neuroscience: Exploring the Brain. 2nd ed.
Baltimore, Md.: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, ISBN:

26. Face-evoked brain activity
Images removed due to copyright reasons. Please see figure in: Bear, Mark F.,
Barry W. Connors, and Michael A. Paradiso. Neuroscience: Exploring the Brain. 2nd ed.
Baltimore, Md.: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, ISBN:

27. Ice cube model of cortex
Images removed due to copyright reasons. Please see figure in: Bear, Mark F.,
Barry W. Connors, and Michael A. Paradiso. Neuroscience: Exploring the Brain. 2nd ed.
Baltimore, Md.: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, ISBN:

28. Random dot stereogram

29. Different monocular images