1. © John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4e Cutter and Renwick 2003 Chapter 10: Water Quantity and Water Quality Water Supply and Its Variability Demand for Water Water Quality Water Pollution Control Quality, Quantity, and the Water- Supply Problem

2. © John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4e Cutter and Renwick 2003 Groundwater and Surface Water Figure 10.1: Groundwater occupies pore spaces below the surface. Surface water is found in lakes and streams.

3. © John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4e Cutter and Renwick 2003 Water Supply and Its Variability Spatial Variation in Surface Supply Temporal Variability Water Supplies and Storage

4. © John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4e Cutter and Renwick 2003 Global Water Supplies Figure 10.2: The renewable water supply (net precipitation) varies considerably by country, according to both climatic and demographic patterns. In most larger countries, water availability is not as uniform as a map at this scale implies.

5. © John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4e Cutter and Renwick 2003 Surface Water Variations Figure 10.3: The average annual peak discharge of the Missouri River shows considerable variation, even though seasonal variation has been eliminated from this graph.

6. © John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4e Cutter and Renwick 2003 Water Supply Systems Figure 10.4: A typical water-supply system includes both natural and engineered components. Its overall capacity is limited by the component with the lowest capacity.

7. © John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4e Cutter and Renwick 2003 Water Depletion Figure 10.6: Many areas of the West operate at a water deficit, which can be met only through groundwater mining or interbasin transfer.

8. © John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4e Cutter and Renwick 2003 Groundwater Mining Figure 10.7: Areas of groundwater decline in the U.S.

9. © John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4e Cutter and Renwick 2003 Freshwater Withdrawals Over Time Figure 10.8: Consumptive use continues to be a small proportion of total withdrawals in the U.S.

10. © John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4e Cutter and Renwick 2003 Freshwater Withdrawals By State Figure 10.9: Per-capita withdrawals are greatest in the heavily-irrigated Upper Great Plains states, where use is high and population density is low.

11. © John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4e Cutter and Renwick 2003 The Demand for Water Off-Stream Uses In-Stream Uses

12. © John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4e Cutter and Renwick 2003 Water Quality Major Water Pollutants and Their Sources Groundwater Pollution Problems

13. © John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4e Cutter and Renwick 2003 Major Water Pollutants (See Table 10.6 for details) Disease-causing agents (pathogens) Oxygen-demanding wastes Plant nutrients Suspended particulates Dissolved solids Toxic substances Heat Radioactivity

14. © John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4e Cutter and Renwick 2003 Nutrient Loading Figure 10.10: Nitrogen concentrations in U.S. streams.

15. © John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4e Cutter and Renwick 2003 Water Pollution Control Wastewater Treatment –Primary –Secondary –Tertiary Nonpoint Pollution Control Pollution Prevention

16. © John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4e Cutter and Renwick 2003 Quality, Quantity, and the Water-Supply Problem Relations Between Quality and Quantity Water Quality in Developing Regions Conclusions

17. © John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4e Cutter and Renwick 2003 Changes in Access to Safe Water Figure 10.14: Access to safe water (a) and sanitation services (b), 1990 to 1998.

18. © John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4e Cutter and Renwick 2003 Distribution of Access to Safe Water Figure 10.15: Access to safe drinking water by country, 2000.

19. © John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4e Cutter and Renwick 2003 ISSUES 10.1: Water Politics in the Western United States 10.2: Water Pollution Legislation in the United States