1. Histology and embryology
Female genital system
Histology and embryology

2. Development development of gonads development of ducts
development of external genitalia

3. Indifferent gonads

4. Development of ovaries
from 12th week
primary sex cords disappears (rete)
development of cortical cords
surrounds primordial germ cells
development of follicles with oogonia
surface epithelium
simple cuboideal  mesovarium
tunica albuginea

5. Development of ducts
mesonephric ducts and tubules degenerate (epioophorone)
paramesonephric ducts
cranial part – uterine tubes
caudal parts fuse – uterovaginal primordium
formation of broad ligament

6. Development of vagina mesenchyme between US and VP - hymen
from uterovaginal primordium and urogenital sinus (US)
two sinovaginal bulbs
appearing of vaginal plate (VP)
elongation and luminization (11th week)
mesenchyme between US and VP - hymen

7. Development of external genitalia
indifferent stage
(4th-7th week)
genital tubercle
urogenital folds
labioscrotal folds
female genitalia
clitoris
labia minora
labia majora

8. Descensus ovarii relative descent (elongation of body) gubernaculum
lig. susp. ovarii, lig. teres uteri

9. Development disorders
hermaphroditism
true: both gonads (testes and ovaries)
pseudohermaphroditisms:
female - virilization of ext. genitalia (CAH)
male -  testosteronu, AMH (sy testicular feminization)
uterus duplex, uterus septus…

11. Female genital system ovary uterine (fallopian) tube womb (uterus)
vagina
external genitalia

12. Ovary cortex (cortical zone) medulla (vascular zone)
simple cuboideal epithelium
tunica albuginea
loose con. tissue, fibroblasts, collagen and reticular fibres
ovarian follicles
medulla (vascular zone)
collagenous tissue, vessels, nerves

13. Primordial follicles
one layer of flattened follicular cells
oocyte

14. Primary follicles follicular cells proliferate zona pellucida
cuboideal to columnar on basal lamina
appearance of lipid granules - granulosa cells
zona pellucida
between follicular cells and oocyte - glycoproteins
theca folliculi
surrounding tissue and cells

15. Secondary follicles small cavities between fol. cells
fusing of cavities – formation of antrum folliculi
fulfilled with fluid - liquor folliculi
oocyte is peripherally - cumulus oophorus
surrounded by granulosa cells - corona radiata
theca differentiates into:
theca interna - fibroblasts  theca cells
production of estrogens, vessels
theca externa – con. tissue, smooth muscle

17. Terciar follicles (Graafian)
prominent on the surface of ovary-macula pellucida
-> bad blood supply of covering tissue
rupture and releasing of oocyte with corona radiata to uterine tube

19. Corpus luteum develops from empty Graafian follicle
corpus luteum graviditatis
in function till 4th month of gravidity
corpus luteum menstruationis
functional for days (24th-26th day of cycle)
finally – corpus luteum change to corpus albicans – con. tissue, disappears
c.a.graviditatis - remains

20. Corpus luteum in the centre is blood clot granulosa-lutein cells
produce of progesterone and estrogens
contains lutein – yellow color
theca-lutein cells
produce progesterone and androstedione
capsule from theca externa - septa
ingrowth of vessels

22. Atresia of follicles degeneration of follicles – about 99%
primord. follicles – completely disappears
others – degeneration of cells and formation of scar
theca cells – produce androgens

24. Ovarian cycle follicular phase (1st - 13th day) ovulation (14th day)
maturation of follicle
FSH
ovulation (14th day)
peak of LH and FSH
luteal phase (15th to 28th day)
function of corpus luteum
LH and FSH

25. Slides slide G1 - ovarium of female HE slide G3 – ovary of rabbit HE
slide G2 – corpus luteum HE

26. G1 – Ovary of female HE

27. G3 – Ovary of rabbit HE

28. G2 – Corpus luteum

29. Uterine tube tunica mucosa – forms folds
simple columnar epi with cilia
secretory cells – support of oocyte
 to the uterus, in the second half on cycle
ciliated cells – transport of oocyte
lamina propria mucosae
tunica muscularis -  to the uterus
inner - circular; outer - longitudinal
tunice serosa - vessel

30. Fallopian tube (Tuba uterina)

32. slide G4 - tuba uterina - isthmus slide G5 - tuba uterina - ampulla
Slides
slide G4 - tuba uterina - isthmus
slide G5 - tuba uterina - ampulla

33. G4 – Uterine tube – isthmus HE

34. G5 – Uterine tube – ampula HE

35. Womb (Uterus) corpus uteri isthmus uteri cervix uteri fundus uteri
portio supravaginalis
portio vaginalis

36. Corpus uteri tunica seroza - perimetrium
tunica adventitia - parametrium
loose connective tissue
vessels + ligaments
tunica muscularis - myometrium
thick (15 mm), spiral
longest cells in human body
tunica submucosa – not present!!!
tunica mucosa - endometrium

37. Endometrium simple cuboideal epithelium glandulae uterales – tubular
lamina propria – reticular fibers
basal layer – more cells, more fibers
functional layer

38. Menstrual cycle menstrual phase (1st – 4th day)
proliferative phase (5th – 14th day)
secretory phase (15th – 28th day)
ischemic phase (28th day)

39. Menstrual phase releasing of functional layer
basal layer stays in place
epithelization of surface
menstruation blood
do not form clot – enzymes of mucosa
is mix of arterial and venous blood

40. Proliferative phase influence of estrogens
hyperplasia ( count) functional layer
glands elongate, narrow, no lumen
at the end of proliferative phase – ovulation

41. Secretory phase influence of corpus luteum hormones
functional layer - hypertrophy ( size)
glands are wave-shaped (not in apical and basal part)
stratum spongiosum – wave-shaped
stratum compactum - direct
secret contains mucin, glycogen and lipids
epithelial cells – contains glycogen and mucin
arterioles elongated and get wave-shaped
during nidation decidual change occurs

42. Ischemic phase
contraction of arterioles – ischemia of functional layer
degenerative processes
stop bleeding – contraction of myometrium and vessels

44. Slides
slide G6 - fundus uteri HE

45. G6 – Fundus uteri HE

46. Cervix uteri mucosa forms folds - plicae palmatae
simple columnar epithelium – produce mucus
gl. cervicales uteri - mucous
obliteration of ostium - ovula cervicalia (Nabothi)
secret is alcalic with varios viscosity
vaginal surface of cervix
stratified squamous epithelium
junction at orifice of cervical canal
ectopy – columnar epithelium is changed into the stratified squamous - precancerous
tunica muscularis - 3 layers (L, C, L)

48. slide G7 - cervix uteri HE
Slides
slide G7 - cervix uteri HE

50. Vagina mucosa – folds and columns - columna rugarum, rugae
epithelium – stratified squamous (? keratinizing ?)
cells produce glycogen – acid environment
exfoliative cytology
lamina propria – loose con. tissue
no glands
musculature
inner - circular, outer - longitudinal
adventitia – dense con. tissue, vessels, nerves

51. slide G10 - vagina HE slide G9 – vagina PAS+Hem
Slides
slide G10 - vagina HE
slide G9 – vagina PAS+Hem

52. G10 – Vagina HE

53. G9 – Vagina PAS+Hem

54. External genitalia labia majora labia minora
con. tissue, adipose cells
outer surface – skin with hair follicles, sebaceous, apocrine and sweat glands
inner – no follicles, only sebaceous glands
labia minora
no adipose cells, no hair follicles
stratified squamous epi – slightly keratinizing
sebaceous gland - smegma praeputii

55. External genitalia vestibulum vaginae clitoris bulbus vestibuli
gl. vestibulares min. – tubular glands, mucus
gl. vestibulares maj. – tuboalveolar glands, mucous
clitoris
two cavernous bodies, surrounded by tunica albuginea
stratified squamous epithelium
bulbus vestibuli
spongious erectile tissue