1. CLAWATER2 Ship-based Field Study of Air-Sea Interaction in Midlatitude Pacific Storms One ships (Brown? Or UNOLS Class I) Aircraft (NOAA P-3, NASA Global Hawk) Land Network (HMT West +) – Landfalling aspects Field Duration – 30 days Time Window – Dec 1, 2014 – Mar 31, 2015 Ship location – Nominally 35-40 N 130 W, negotiable Modeled after DYNAMO Revelle field program – IE, joint atmos-oceanic observations

2. DYNAMO/CINDY Field Study of Madden Julian Oscillation Two ships (Mirai, Revelle) Two Aircraft (NOAA P-3, French jet) Two Islands (Gan, Maldives; Diego Garcia) Buoys (RAMA; UW/APL) Dates – Sept 1, 2011 – Feb 5, 2012

3. Revelle

4. Air-Sea Science Objectives Interface, near-surface – Diurnal warm layers – Wave aspects – breaking & CO2, aerosol production, wind- stress Boundary layer and Convective dynamics – BL coupling to surface properties – updrafts/downdraft, precipitation, divergence-entrainment (isotopic analysis) – Links to mesosale Ocean mixing processes – Warm layer – Turbulence structure

5. Figure 1. Cruise tracks for DYNAMO legs 2 and 3.

6. 0.05 m sea snake 5 m sea chest net

7. Outflow boundary in TOGA radar Oct 24 5:00 UTC reflectivity (dBZ)Doppler velocity (m s -1 ) Angela Rowe, Colorado State U.

8. Shallow Warm Precipitating Cloud

9. Ocean Mixed Layer (Moum/OSU)

10. CALWATER2 Air-Sea Science Objectives Interface, near-surface – Strong emphasis on aerosol/gas fluxes and concentrations – Fluxes in strong wind forcing with varying heat flux Warm sector, post frontal – Wave aspects – breaking & CO2, aerosol production, wind- stress vector, wave-pressure direct obs? Boundary layer and Frontal dynamics – BL coupling to surface properties – updrafts/downdraft, precipitation effects on aerosol/chemistry – Links to mesosale, Low-level jet effects – Synoptic – mostly aerosol/chemisty Ocean mixing processes? – Possible feedback to air-sea fluxes?

11. Water Vapor Budget Boxes -NASA Global Hawk -Dropsondes, aerosols Ship - DOE AMF2 - Small UAS - Air-sea fluxes - Precipitation estimates NASA DC-8 - Aerosols, trace gases - Precipitation estimates DOE G-1 - Aerosols - Microphysics Ground - NOAA HMT - UCSD ATOFMS Sierra Nevada, Shasta, and Coast Ranges (white bars) Hawaii SSM/I satellite observations of IWV showing a strong atmospheric river on 12 Dec 2010 (from Ralph and Dettinger BAMS 2012) CalWater 2 Experimental Design Schematic Operations bases -Global Hawk, DC-8 (NASA Dryden) -P-3B, G-1 (Monterey) Operations base -DC-8 (HawaiI) Remote aerosol plume (schematic) 20°N 30°N 40°N 50°N 160°W150°W140°W130°W Aerosol Profiling - NASA DC-8 - Aerosols, trace gases Courtesy of F. M. Ralph, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory NASA P-3B - Surface water level - Soil moisture

12. CALWATER2 Ship-based Atmospheric Sensors Fluxes and Near-Surface Meteorology ESRL/PSD (Fairall) C-band Radar – CSU (Rutledge) DOE AMF2 – Microwave Radiometer, lidars, wind profilers, aerosols, … PMEL aerosol/chemisty (Bates/Quinn) Surface waves – Fairall or Zappa UAS (SIO Ramanathan)

13. CALWATER2 Ship-based Ocean Sensors? Mooring - RC Lien AVP profilers – Kunze/Sanford Microstructure – Alford, Moum Wire walkers/Acoustics – Smith/Pinkel Not sure – NRL Stennis Gliders (Rudnick)

14. Contrast DYNAMO and CALWATER2 DYNAMO Undisturbed U=4, Net heat 100 W/m^2 Storm U=7 (Max U=17) m/s, Net heat -75 W/m^2 Biggest effect on Solar flux CALWATER2 Undisturbed U=7, Net heat -50 W/m^2 Storm U=13 (Max U=20) m/s, Net heat -250 W/m^2 Biggest effect on Latent heat flux Storms will have strong stress with buoyancy forcing changing from small (Warm sector) to very large (cold air, post frontal)