1. Copyright © 2013 by Oklahoma History Press, Inc. All Rights Reserved

2. Copyright © 2013 by Oklahoma History Press, Inc. All Rights Reserved Unit 1 Early Days In Oklahoma Enter Coronado by Oklahoma artist Charles Banks Wilson.

3. Copyright © 2013 by Oklahoma History Press, Inc. All Rights Reserved Chapter 1 Earliest Oklahomans Theoretical Origins of American Indians Ice Age Migrations Theories Developed from Artifacts Prehistoric Oklahoma Agricultural and Trade Spiro Mound

4. Copyright © 2013 by Oklahoma History Press, Inc. All Rights Reserved DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 1. Explain the most commonly accepted theory of Indian origin in North America. 2. How did living conditions differ between eastern and western tribes during the early prehistoric era? 3. Describe the oldest archeological find in the area that would become the state of Oklahoma. 4. Discuss the advanced state of civilization reached by the Spiro people as evidenced by artifacts found in the Spiro Mound.

5. Copyright © 2013 by Oklahoma History Press, Inc. All Rights Reserved 5. Discuss the geography of the state. Compare and contrast present-day lifestyles to those of 800 years ago. 6. What modern technology tells us the age of artifacts? 7. What is the American Vegetable Triad? Outside of Oklahoma, where is it found? 8. Why are the Triad foods so crucial? 9. Anthropologists see physical and cultural similarities between early Native Americans and other native peoples around the world. Give examples from the text. 10. Why was salt important in so many cultures and for such a long time? How have civilizations used it, besides for flavor?

6. Copyright © 2013 by Oklahoma History Press, Inc. All Rights Reserved Artist’s conception of Middle Paleolithic people killing a mammoth.

7. Copyright © 2013 by Oklahoma History Press, Inc. All Rights Reserved

8. Copyright © 2013 by Oklahoma History Press, Inc. All Rights Reserved Stone-edge axe from the Mound Builder era.

9. Copyright © 2013 by Oklahoma History Press, Inc. All Rights Reserved Original tunnel dug in Spiro Mound to find artifacts.

10. Copyright © 2013 by Oklahoma History Press, Inc. All Rights Reserved Giant mastodons roamed North America from 3.75 million to 10,000 years ago. Mastodons are related to mammoths and modern-day elephants.

11. Copyright © 2013 by Oklahoma History Press, Inc. All Rights Reserved The atlatl was a stick- like device about two feet long, weighted and fashioned to hold a spear securely.

12. Copyright © 2013 by Oklahoma History Press, Inc. All Rights Reserved View from Mt. Scott near Lawton in southwestern Oklahoma.