1. The Roman Republic:
Decline and Fall

2. Roman Expansion (p.17)
What groups threatened the security of Roman before the Punic Wars?
What types of losses did the Romans sustain during the Punic Wars?
How did the Conquest of Gaul make the city of Rome more secure?

3. Punic Wars
Rome vs. Carthage ( BC)

4. Julius Caesar (p.16)
Why was Caesar described as a man of contradictions?
What actions did Caesar take to help the common people of Rome?
Why did members of the Senate assassinate Caesar in 44 BC?

5. Through the Eyes of Julius Caesar

6. Ancient Greece Roman Republic
Monarchy
Oligarchy
Tyranny
Democracy
Ancient Greece
Etruscan Kings
Senate Dominated by Patricians
Plebeians gain representation
Rise of Demagogues
Roman Republic

7. Who Governed the Roman Republic?
Patricians?
Plebeians?
Left Out
Men with lots of money and land
Peasant farmers and craftsmen
Women
Slaves
Citizens?
Clients
Men who could:
Vote, pay taxes, and fight
Allies
Assembly?
The two classes of citizens met here and voted for the following groups
Tribunes?
Two Consuls?
Protected ordinary people against unfair treatment
Magistrates?
Governed the City.
One year term
Both had to agree to make a decision
Looked after Rome’s money.
Served as judges
Senate?
Retired Magistrates
Gave advice to Consuls
Ended up controlling Rome
Adapted from schoolhistory.co.uk

8. Key Words
Citizen: Roman adult men who could: vote, pay taxes, and fight in the legions.

9. Key Words
Legion: a muster of 5,000 Roman citizens prepared to fight.

10. Key Words
Dictator: An emergency leader elected for 6 months that has absolute power in military and government.

11. Reasons the Roman Republic Declined and Fell
Demagogues
Wealth & Corruption
Expansionism
Evolution of Military

12. Demagogues
Demagogue: an ambitious politician who appealed to the common people for support in order to increase their own power.

13. Demagogues
Client: a Roman who is dependant on a wealthy and powerful politician. Clients could get loans, special political favors, business contracts, and legal defense from the politicians who supported them. In return, the clients would vote for their politician in elections.

14. Who Governed the Roman Republic?
Patricians?
Plebeians?
Left Out
Men with lots of money and land
Peasant farmers and craftsmen
Women
Slaves
Citizens?
Clients
Men who could:
Vote, pay taxes, and fight
Allies
Assembly?
The two classes of citizens met here and voted for the following groups
Tribunes?
Two Consuls?
Protected ordinary people against unfair treatment
Magistrates?
Governed the City.
One year term
Both had to agree to make a decision
Looked after Rome’s money.
Served as judges
Senate?
Retired Magistrates
Gave advice to Consuls
Ended up controlling Rome
Adapted from schoolhistory.co.uk

15. Populares vs. Optimates
Caesar
Sulla
Optimates: Conservative patrician politicians who supported government in the hands of the patricians (people who had a stake in the financial and political success of the Republic). They built networks of clients among young and ambitious politicians in order to maintain the status quo.
Populares: Demagogues who look to the plebian s, or common citizens, for support. They built huge networks of clients among the plebeians, by trading favors and supporting popular reforms.

16. Wealth & Corruption
The continuous military expansion of the Republic brought a continuous flood of slaves, plunder, and trade into Rome.
Whoever could control this flow of wealth could control the course of Roman politics.
Whoever controls the government can give out favors to build support.

17. Wealth & Corruption Way to control the flow of wealth:
Get a military command
Become governor of a province
The Roman Republic experiences a series of successful military commanders who seize control as dictators.
Marius
Sulla
Caesar

18. Wealth and Corruption
Wealth is used to breed political corruption in Roman politics.
Populares built networks of clients to put them in power
Optimates built networks of clients to protect their traditional power.
This leads to lots of political violence, riots, political gangs, assassinations, and civil wars.

19. Roman Expansionism
Financing the politics of Roman is dependant on the continual flow of new wealth into Rome.
This leads to a tireless conquest and expansion of Roman power in the last century of the Roman Republic.

20. Roman Expansionism Caesar as Governor of Gaul
After a decade of amazing military achievement, Caesar conquered all of Gaul
The Senate became scared by his growing power and recalled him as an outlaw

21. Changes in the Military
Why were the soldiers ready to follow Caesar but not Pompey?

22. Changes in the Military
Rome got too big to be governed effectively by a Republican government
It began using military governors to govern it’s provinces. This was a natural place for ambitious leader to come to power.
As the Roman legions expanded, there were not enough citizens.
The Roman soldier changed from a volunteer Roman citizen, to a paid career soldier.
Who are you loyal to? Some distant Republic? Or a commander that brings you glory and riches?

23. Legacy of Julius Caesar
After victory became Dictator-for-Life
Assassinated by political rivals
Rome descends into 20 years of civil war.
Republic is dead
Roman Empire is founded bring 200 years of peace and 400 years of domination

24. Caesar, Legions, and the Late Republic Interactive Video Lecture
Using the Life of Julius Caesar to understand the following themes:
Roman Expansionism
Decline of Republic
Demagogues
Wealth & Corruption
Expansionism
Evolution of Military
Video Breakdown
Intro (0:00-2:18)
Demagogues (3:18-6:03
Wealth and Corruption in Politics (6:04-8:35)
Roman Expansionism (9:00-9:38)
How big is Rome?
How did it get so big?
The Showdown – Evolution of the Military (36:11-38:04)
Roman Citizenship/Allies/Clients
Why were the soldiers ready to follow Caesar but not Pompey?
Death of the Republic (38:04-39:51)
Skip beheading of Pompey
Legacy of Caesar and Beginning of Empire(42:32-44:30)
What legacy did Julius Caesar leave?
What changed under the early empire?