2. Unit 4: Improving Transport & Accessibility 4.1 Improving Transport

3. Transportation – is the movement of people and goods from one place to another. Modes of Transportation – The means by which people travel from one place to another. What are the different modes of transportation?? – Read TB: 48-49

4. Modes of Transportation

5. 3 types of transport Land Transport – car, train Air Transport – aeroplane, helicopter Sea Transport – ship, boat

6. Improvements in Transport Land transport (stages) – Journey on foot; – on domesticated animals like horses – on the wheel (carts or chariots drawn by horse) – steam engine – motor car – high speed trains

7. Improvements in Transport Air transport (stages) – hot balloons and gliders depending on wind. – Propelled aircraft or aeroplane – jet engined aeroplane – spaceships

8. Improvements in Transport What have we gained / lost from the development of these modes of transport? Humans have gained greater mobility and speed of travel. They have lost physical landscape such as forests if routes have been created for these transport modes.

9. 4.1 Improving transport - Speed of travel

10. Speed of travel The most obvious gain is the speed at which we now can travel. Time has always been a way of measuring distance and with the advancement of technology, travelling now is easier, faster and more convenient. Do ABK: Ex.1

11. Unit 4: Improving Transport & Accessibility 4.2 Improving Accessibility

12. Think about…. Which one is more accessible: Orchard Road or East Coast Park? What makes one place more accessible than the other? – Transport Network.

13. 4.2.1 Improving accessibility - Understanding accessibility Accessibility - The ease with which a place can be reached. Transport network - The transport system which consists of nodes (terminals) and links (routes)

14. Activity Box: 51 The region with a higher density of transport network (fig.4.8). There would be greater accessibility (greater ease of travel) and therefore time would be saved. Do ABK: Ex.2

15. ABK Ex.2 1. Bukit Timah Expressway (BKE) 2. Tampines Expressway (TPE) 3. Central Expressway (CTE) 4. Kallang Expressway / Nicoll Highway 5. East Coast Parkway (ECP) 6. Pan-Island Expressway (PIE) 7. Ayer Rajah Expressway (AYE) 8. Kranji Expressway (KJE) 9. Seletar Expressway (SLE)

16. Advantages of Expressways The ECP and AYE link the eastern and western end of Singapore. This provides people living in the east a link to the industries in the west without going through the city. The CTE provides a link for people living in the northern parts of S’pore with the city area, thus shortening travelling time to the office. The SLE shortens the distance for people living in the east to travel to Woodlands and Johor.

17. 4.2.2 Improving accessibility with transport network For places to be linked effectively, transport infrastructure is needed.

18. 4.2.3 Improving accessibility by developing transport infrastructure

19. Roads and Railways Roads cut into steep slopes of mountains. –E–Eg. Switzerland Roads cut through vast stretches of dense forest. –E–Eg. Brazil Railway trains across vast stretches of land. –E–Eg. Canada, Australia MRT to various parts of Singapore.

20. Bridges Roads and railway bridges across water bodies - sea, river etc. Roads and railways bridges across steep valleys. Eg. Penang Bridge in Malaysia

21. Tunnels Roads and railway tunnels through mountainous regions - Switzerland, Italy. Roads and Tunnels under sea - Channel Tunnel (English Tunnel)

22. Canals - man-made channels of water links two water bodies through a narrow land strip. –E–Eg. Suez Canal links 2 seas: Mediterranean and Red Seas in Egypt. –P–Panama Canal links the Pacific Ocean and Gulf of Mexico.

23. ABK: Ex.3 2a) My plan link people from all towns on the island to each other. The airport is situated on lowland while the port is near a bay. The railway runs through the centre of the island and links 3 towns. This will greatly shorten the distance travelled. b) Some areas of the island will be affected. The building of a railway through the centre of the island will probably increase the likelihood of soil erosion.

24. By steam ship 10 days 8 days 6 days 4 days 2 days 12 days 2 hours 4 hours By Concorde 4.3 The shrinking world

25. The Shrinking World The construction of roads, railways, bridges, tunnels and canals has made many places previously remote, easily accessible. Hence the term “shrinking”. Remember: Time has always been a way of measuring distance. Thus, shorter time = ‘shorter’ distance …...….countries brought ‘closer’ together.

26. Geography Test 4 – Open Book Unit 4 “A barrier is anything that hinders movement or makes movement difficult.” (a) Name some examples of physical land and water barriers. [6] (b) Explain how man has overcome these barriers through advances in technology. [9]

27. ABK Ex.4 The Suez Canal has helped Singapore to flourish as a sea port because it lies in the centre of international sea routes. Ships from North America and Europe are now able to cut down distance travelled (saving time and cost) and Singapore is seen as an ideal port of call.