2. o Injury to nail bed can result in white spots on nail or abnormal shape of nail itself

3. 7 Functions of Integumentary system:  Protection  Sensory perception  Regulation of body temperature  Storage  Absorption  Excretion  Production

4. Protection  Barrier for sun's ultraviolet rays  Protects against invasion of pathogens or germs  Holds moisture in and prevents deeper tissues from drying out

5. Sensory perception  Nerves present in skin  Respond to pain, pressure, temperature (heat and cold), and touch sensations

6. Regulation of body temperature  Blood vessels in skin help body retain or lose heat  Dilate: blood vessels get larger and allow excess heat to escape through the skin  Constrict: blood vessels get smaller and retain heat  Sudoriferous glands also help cool body through evaporation of perspiration

7. Storage  Skin has tissues for temporary storage of fat, glucose (sugar), water, vitamins, and Salts  Stores adipose tissue in the subcutaneous fascia, which is a source of energy

8. Absorption  Certain substances absorbed through Skin  Examples: medications for motion sickness and heart and nicotine patches to help stop smoking  (1) Transdermal medications  (2) Sticky patches placed on the skin

9. Excretion  Helps body eliminate salt, a minute amount of waste, and excess water  Done through perspiration or sweat

10. Production  Skin helps in production of vitamin D  Uses ultraviolet rays from the sun to form an initial molecule of vitamin D that matures in the liver

11. Skin color- Pigmentation  Skin color is inherited and determined by pigments in epidermis  Melanin- (1) Brownish-black pigment (2) Leads to a black, brown, or yellow skin tint depending on racial origin (3) Absorbs ultraviolet light to tan the skin (4) Small concentrated areas of melanin pigment form freckles  Carotene- (1) Yellowish-red pigment (2) Also helps determine skin color

12. Albino  Absence of color pigments  Skin has a pinkish tint  Hair is pale yellow or white  Eyes are red in color and very sensitive to light

13. Abnormal colors of the skin:  Erythema  Jaundice  Cyanosis

14. Erythemia  Reddish color  Caused by burns or a congestion of blood in vessels

15. Jaundice  Yellowish discoloration (pumpkin color)  Can indicate presence of bile in blood as a result of liver or gallbladder disease  Also seen in certain diseases that involve destruction of red blood cells

17. Cyanosis  Bluish discoloration  Caused by insufficient oxygen  Associated with heart, lung and circulatory diseases  Gray or brown discoloration: chronic poisonings It is normal for newborn to be cyanotic for a few seconds after birth, but once it let’s out a good cry It should turn bright red/ pink.

18. faces

19. Skin Eruptions

20. Macules (macular rash)  Flat spots on the skin  Example: freckles

21. Papules (papular rash)  Firm raised areas  Seen in pimples, and stages of chicken pox and syphilis

22. Vesicles  Blisters or sacs full of fluid  Seen in some stages of chicken pox

23. Active chicken pox

24. Pustules  Sacs filled with pus  Examples include acne or pimples

25. Crusts  Areas of dried pus and blood  Commonly called scabs

26. Wheals  Itchy, elevated areas with an irregular shape  Seen in hives and insect bites

27. Ulcer  Deep loss of skin surface that may extend into the dermis  May cause periodic bleeding and formation of scars