1. Chapter 3 New Civilizations Outside the West Asian Core Area, 2300 B.C.E. – 350 C.E.

2. Chronological events, China, Nubia, Celtic Europe, Eurasian Steppes
Empty cell 
China
Nubia
Celtic Europe
Eurasian Steppes
 2500 b.c.e.
b.c.e. Neolithic cultures
4500 b.c.e. Early agriculture in Nubia
 empty cell
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2000 b.c.e.
2000 b.c.e. Bronze metallurgy B.C.E. Shang
Dynasty
2200 b.c.e. Harkhuf's expeditions to Yam
1750 b.c.e. Rise of kingdom of Kush based on Kerma
1500 b.c.e.
1500 b.c.e. Egyptian conquest of Nubia
1000 b.c.e.
b.c.e. Zhou dynasty
600 b.c.e. Iron metallurgy
1000 b.c.e. Decline of Egyptian control in Nubia
750 b.c.e. Rise of kingdom based on Napata
b.c.e. Nubian kings rule Egypt
1000 b.c.e. Origin of Celtic culture in Central Europe
1000 b.c.e. Initial development of pastoral nomadism
700 b.c.e. Scythians drive out Cimmerians and settle area north of Black Sea
500 b.c.e.
b.c.e. Life of Confucius
b.c.e. Lord Shang brings Legalist reforms to Qin state
300 b.c.e.-350 c.e. Kingdom of Meroe
500 b.c.e. Celtic elites trade for Mediterranean goods
b.c.e. Migrations across Europe
390 b.c.e. Celts sack Rome
440 b.c.e. Creek historian Herodotus reports on nomadic Scythians
300 b.c.e. Ruler of Chinese state of Zhao equips troops like nomad horsemen
100 b.c.e. Chinese historian Sima Qian describes Xiongnu nomads
This table details the chronological events of China, Nubia, Celtic Europe, and the Eurasian Steppes.
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3. Early China, 2000–221B.C.E. Geography and Resources
Northwestern Steppe, desert, high plateau
Eastern Zone: Yellow River/Yangzi Valley
More suitable for agriculture
subdivided into two areas: north and south. The northern area includes the Yellow River Valley and has a dry, cold climate; the southern area includes the Yangzi Valley, has plentiful rainfall, and is relatively warm.
Millet in north and rice in warmer, rainier south
Timber, stone and metals

4. Neolithic Communities (Pre-Shang)
Pigs, chickens, and millet were domesticated
silk textiles were developed
bronze metallurgy was begun

5. The Shang Period, 1750–1045 B.C.E.
The Chinese writing system (Chinese characters) developed during the Shang period. The Chinese writing system of today is directly related to the writing of the Shang dynasty.
Oracle Bones: Divination
Shang religion centered on a supreme god, Di, who could not be approached directly but could be reached indirectly through the ruler’s ancestors. This made the ruler a link between heaven and earth, and provided a rationale for authoritarian rule

6. Chinese Divination Shell
Chinese Divination Shell. After inscribing questions on a bone or shell, the diviner applied a red-hot point and interpreted the resulting cracks as a divine response.
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7. The Shang elite was a warrior aristocracy
enjoyed hunting and warfare.
bronze weapons
rode on horse-drawn chariots
Kings ruled directly over the core area of their kingdom and exercised indirect rule over peripheral areas.

8. The Zhou Period, 1045–221 B.C.E.
Founders: Wen and his son Wu
The Zhou territory was a dependent state of the Shang. They defeated the Shang in the eleventh century B.C.E. and adopted many elements of Shang culture
The Zhou invoked their own deity, Tian (“Heaven”) and introduced the concept of the “Mandate of Heaven” in order to justify their rule.

9. Zhou dynasty is subdivided into two periods
the Western Zhou
the Eastern Zhou
King Wu created a land distribution system similar to the feudal system of Europe’s Middle Ages.

10. new capital city and other urban centers
Built in a grid pattern aligned with the north polar star, the design followed their ancient belief in feng shui to maintain harmony.
Religion played a large role in both public and private life.
Women were expected to live a life of subservience.

11. Eastern Zhou period was characterized by a decline in the strength of the central government
regional elites began to rule their territories as independent states
often fighting with each other until there was a gradual consolidation into a smaller number of larger, more powerful kingdoms

12. Technological advances in warfare were adopted
fight on horseback
replace bronze with iron and steel
Advances in government-bureaucrats
recorded data for the rulers
administered the government’s business
offered advice to rulers

13. Early China, 2000–221 B.C.E. part 4
Confucianism, Daoism, and Chinese Society
Confucianism-Confucius
assumes that human nature is essentially good; has a hierarchical view of the universe, society, and the family; and is concerned with establishing the moral foundations of government.
Daoism- Laozi
assumes that the universe is in constant flux, that there are no absolute moral standards, and that people should take the world as they find it. Daoism developed into a complex system of popular beliefs and magic

14. Society:
development of the three-generation family
concept of private property, including privately owned land
Women were more firmly subordinated to the patriarchal hierarchy; their subordinate position was justified by the concepts of yin and yang

15. The Warring States Period (480-221 B.C.E.)
Scale and intensity of rivalry and warfare between the states accelerated
Kingdom of Qin
Lord Shang
Believed the ruler should trust his own judgment and employ whatever means necessary to compel obedience and good behavior
“Legalism” vs Confucianism
Legalists willing to sacrifice individual freedoms for security and prosperity of the state

16. China in the Shang and Zhou Periods, 1750–221 B.C.E.
Map 4.1 China in the Shang and Zhou Periods, 1750–221 B.C.E. The Shang dynasty arose in the second millennium B.C.E. in the floodplain of the Yellow River. While southern China benefits from the monsoon rains, northern China depends on irrigation. As population increased, the Han Chinese migrated from their eastern homeland to other parts of China, carrying with them their technologies and cultural practices. Other ethnic groups predominated in more outlying regions, and the nomadic peoples of the northwest constantly challenged Chinese authority. © Cengage Learning.
Map 4.1 p87

17. Nubia, 3100 B.C.E.–350 C.E.,

18. Early Cultures and Egyptian Domination 2300–1100 B.C.E.
Natural Resources: gold, semiprecious stones, and copper.
The development of civilization in Nubia was spurred by the need for irrigated agriculture and by its trading relationship with Egypt. Nubian culture and Egyptian culture developed through a process of mutual influence and borrowing.

19. Early Nubia carried out trade with Old Kingdom Egypt
northern part of Nubia was occupied by Egypt during the Middle Kingdom period
southern part of Nubia, the Kingdom of Kush developed by 1750 B.C.E.
noted for its metalworking and construction
Egypt invaded Kush during the New Kingdom period

20. Nubia, 3100 B.C.E.–350 C.E., part 2
The Kingdom of Meroë, 800 B.C.E.–350 C.E.
A Nubian kingdom arose in the eighth century B.C.E., and for a time the Nubians ruled Egypt as the Twenty-Fifth Dynasty (712–660 B.C.E.)
The Nubian kingdom had its capital at Napata from 660 B.C.E. to the fourth century. The Napata period is characterized by continued Egyptian cultural influence, including the use of Egyptian hieroglyphs and pyramids.

21. In the fourth century B. C. E
In the fourth century B.C.E., the kingdom moved its capital to Meroë, which was better located for both agriculture and trade.
Egyptian cultural influence waned during the Meroitic era.
The ruling dynasty of Meroë practiced a matrilineal family system, and queens often were influential.
The city of Meroë dominated trade routes, used reservoirs to catch rainfall, and became an important center of iron smelting.
Meroë declined due to a combination of factors: a shift in trade routes, the rise of the kingdom of Aksum, and the depredations of camel-riding nomads.

22. Pastoral Nomads of the Eurasian Steppes, 1000 – 100 B.C.E

23. A. Early Nomadism Nomads are people who do not settle in one place, but move from one temporary location to another. For most of human history people were nomadic hunter-gatherers. These included those groups who eventually founded Babylon and settled throughout Western Asia.

24. B. Steppe Nomads These horse-riding warriors and herders lived throughout the Eurasian steppes, extending from modern Hungary to southern Siberia. Nomads did not possess writing technology, so historians must rely on ancient scholars for information about these people.

25. C. The Scythians The Greek historian Herodotus described a nomadic and warlike people living to the north of the Black and Caspian Seas, on the fringes of the Greek world. They lacked permanent settlements, drove livestock and engaged in fearsome rituals in preparation for war and in the burial of their kings. Herodotus also relates how the Scythians were able to use their mobility and military capability to resist invasion by a mighty empire like Persia. Empires would traditionally find nomadic groups on their borders very difficult to control or subdue.

26. D. China and the Nomads.
Like Herodotus, the Chinese historian Sima Qian chronicled nomads living in northern Asia around 100 B.C.E. His description of their customs, practices and especially their warlike nature echoes that of Herodotus on the Scythians.

27. Celtic Europe,1000–50 B.C.E.

29. A. The Spread of the Celts
1. Celtic civilization originated in Central Europe in the first millennium b.c.e.
2. By 300 b.c.e., Celtic groups had expanded across Europe from present-day Hungary to Spain and Ireland.
The Celts shared cultural traits, but there was no Celtic “state.”
The Celtic people probably wouldn’t have considered themselves to be one culture, each smaller tribe, or group would have had its own identity.

30. B. Celtic Society 1. Celtic society was divided into an elite class of warriors, professional groups of priests and bards, and the common people. 2. The warriors owned land and livestock and monopolized wealth and power. 3. The priests, called Druids, were teachers and judges as well as religious leaders.

31. Gallic Wall: made of a combination of earth, stone, and timber
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32. 4. Celts were successful farmers and engaged in trade, shipbuilding, and metallurgy. 5. Celtic women were involved primarily in child rearing, food production, and some crafts. 6. Celtic women, particularly elite women, enjoyed more freedom than their southern counterparts.

33. C. Belief and Knowledge 1. The Celts worshiped a large number of gods and goddesses. 2. In Celtic mythology, the barrier between the natural and the supernatural world was quite permeable. (easy to pass through) 3. In the first three centuries c.e., Roman conquest and Germanic invasion halted the development of Celtic society.

34. V. Conclusion A. Environment and Organization 1
V. Conclusion A. Environment and Organization 1. The flood-prone rivers and lack of dependable rainfall in the north China plain led to authoritarian central governments to organize large labor forces needed to dig and maintain irrigation channels and build dikes. 2. A strong state was needed in Nubia for protection from desert nomads and from Egyptian rulers who coveted Nubian resources. 3. Pastoral nomads organized themselves usually as small groups, based on kin relationships, as befit the sort of life they led on the steppes. 4. The fertile lands and adequate rainfall of continental Europe led to a more fragmented organization for the Celtic peoples than for peoples in other regions.

35. B. Religion and Power 1. In many of these societies, elites and rulers based their authority and position on religious justification, as in the Chinese use of the “Mandate of Heaven.” Celtic kings surrounded themselves with druids and religious figures. The practice of divination, and elite participation in it, seems to have been common in many ancient societies.

36. C. A Tale of Two Hemispheres 1
C. A Tale of Two Hemispheres 1. It appears that environmental difference is the key to understanding why complex societies developed earlier in the Eastern Hemisphere than in the Western Hemisphere. 2. The Eastern Hemisphere contained a larger number of plant and animal species that could be domesticated than did the Western Hemisphere. 3. The north-south axis of the Eastern Hemisphere contained similar climatic zones, making it easier for the spread of domesticated plants and animals. The Western Hemisphere’s north-south axis contained more variations in climate, making it difficult for species to spread.