1. Polarised DIS Experiment Gerhard Mallot

2. G. Mallot/CERN Spin Summer School, BNL, 2004 Plan Lecture I –introduction –kinematics –the cross section –structure functions & PDFs –sum rules –the experiments

3. G. Mallot/CERN Spin Summer School, BNL, 2004 Introduction the nucleon is made up from partons –valence quarks –sea quarks –gluons quarks and gluons carry about 50 % of longitudinal momentum, respectively. What about spin?

4. G. Mallot/CERN Spin Summer School, BNL, 2004 Spin Contributions naive QPM: only valence quarks QCD: sea quarks and gluons orbital angular momentum:

5. G. Mallot/CERN Spin Summer School, BNL, 2004 Nucleon Spin define: with: propabilities to find a quark or antiquark, with spin parallel or antiparallel to the spin of the nucleon, then the quarks naively contribute and

6. G. Mallot/CERN Spin Summer School, BNL, 2004 Photoabsorption: only quarks with opposite helicity can absorb the polarised photon via spin-flip # quarks in direction of nucleon need polarised photons & nucleons How to measure ΔΣ ? 3/2 1/2 J z: (flavours ignored)

7. G. Mallot/CERN Spin Summer School, BNL, 2004 Pol. Deep Inelastic Scattering Bjorken-x: fraction of longitudinal momentum carried by struck quark in infinite- momentum frame (Breit)

8. G. Mallot/CERN Spin Summer School, BNL, 2004 Kinematics 160 GeV μ beam energy c.m. energy of hadronic final state, W: DIS: Q 2, W 2 ! 1, x fix

9. G. Mallot/CERN Spin Summer School, BNL, 2004 Pol. DIS cross section cross section: leptonic tensor : kinematics (QED) hadronic tensor : nucleon structure leptonnucleon spin

10. G. Mallot/CERN Spin Summer School, BNL, 2004 Structure Functions & PDF unpolarised structure functions: momentum distributions polarised structure functions: spin distributions Calan Gross relation twist-3 quark-qluon correlations QPM:

11. G. Mallot/CERN Spin Summer School, BNL, 2004 The First Moment of g 1 first moment of g 1 “Spin crisis” EMC 1987

12. G. Mallot/CERN Spin Summer School, BNL, 2004 Sum Rules with we get for the proton Neutron decay a 3 = g a Hyperon decay (3F-D)/3 ∆Σ∆Σ

13. G. Mallot/CERN Spin Summer School, BNL, 2004 Sum Rules Bjorken sum rule Ellis-Jaffe sum rule PR 148 (1966) 1467 if wrong  QCD wrong, “worthless equation”, needs neutron measurement formulated for ∆s=0, unpolarised strange quarks Consequences of violation: EMC 1987 PR D9 (1974) 1444

14. G. Mallot/CERN Spin Summer School, BNL, 2004 Where is the proton spin? small unknown next challenge (unknown) 2

15. G. Mallot/CERN Spin Summer School, BNL, 2004 Bjorken Sum Rule Need proton AND neutron data neutron targets: deuteron, 3 He Ellis-Jaffe Bjorken Sum Rule verified to about 10 % d 3He3He

16. G. Mallot/CERN Spin Summer School, BNL, 2004 Spin Experiments are puzzling Wolfgang Pauli and Niels Bohr, 1955 wondering about a tippe top toy

17. G. Mallot/CERN Spin Summer School, BNL, 2004 Cross Section Asymmetries unpolarised: longitudinally polarised nucleon: β=0,π transversely polarised nucleon: β=±π/2 Measure asymmetries:

18. G. Mallot/CERN Spin Summer School, BNL, 2004 Experimental Essentials up to now only fixed-target pol. DIS experiments need polarised targets and beams need detection of scattered lepton, energy, direction, identification need to know energy and direction of incoming lepton –detection or given by machine gets grid of normalisation, measurable asymmetries sometimes very small –need excellent control of fake asymmetries, e.g. time variations of detector efficiencies

19. G. Mallot/CERN Spin Summer School, BNL, 2004 Experiment Essentials Beams & targets: target beam pol SLAC 48 GeV, solid/gas e, pol. source 0.01 DESY 28 GeV, gas internale, Sokolov-Ternov 0.02 CERN 200 GeV, solid μ, pion decay 0.0025 fake asymmetries: rapid variation of beam polarisation (SLAC) rapid variation of target polarisation (HERMES) simultaneous measurement of two oppositely polarised targets in same beam (CERN)

20. G. Mallot/CERN Spin Summer School, BNL, 2004 Measurable asymmetries P b, P t beam and target polarisations, f target dilution factor = polarisable N/total N note: linear in error: f=1/2 => requires 4 times statistics huge rise of F 2 /2x at small x D depolarisation factor, kinematics, polarisation transfer from polarised lepton to photon, D ≈ y Even big g_1 at small x means small asymmetries

21. G. Mallot/CERN Spin Summer School, BNL, 2004 SLAC E155 Spectrometer beam

22. G. Mallot/CERN Spin Summer School, BNL, 2004 E155 Target cryogenic target 6 LiD, NH 3 1K evaporator fridge 5 T magnetic field beam

23. G. Mallot/CERN Spin Summer School, BNL, 2004 HERMES

24. G. Mallot/CERN Spin Summer School, BNL, 2004 HERMES 100 mm Gas inlet Gas to polarisation measurement beam Target cell beam polarisation built-up

25. G. Mallot/CERN Spin Summer School, BNL, 2004 The COMPASS Spectrometer SM1 SM2 RICH1 Polarised Target E/HCAL1 Muon Wall 1 Muon Wall 2, MWPC SPS 160 GeV  beam Micromegas, SDC, Scifi Straws, Gems MWPC, Gems, Scifi, W45 (not shown) E/HCAL2 Hodoscopes Scifi, Silicon

26. G. Mallot/CERN Spin Summer School, BNL, 2004 Spectrometer 2002

27. G. Mallot/CERN Spin Summer School, BNL, 2004 The CERN Muon Beam

28. G. Mallot/CERN Spin Summer School, BNL, 2004 Polarised target μ 6 LiD ± 50 % polarisation 50 % dilution factor 2.5 T 50 mK

29. G. Mallot/CERN Spin Summer School, BNL, 2004 Target system +dipole magnet (0.5T) 3 He – 4 He dilution refrigerator (T~50mK) μ Reconstructed interaction vertices

30. G. Mallot/CERN Spin Summer School, BNL, 2004 Pol. DIS experiments running Spin Crisis