1. The expansion of Participatory Budgeting in Brazil an analysis of the sucessful cases based upon design and socio-economic indicators Leonardo Avritzer Brian Wampler The World Bank Institute The Municipal Development Program (MDP), Africa The Participatory Democracy Project Belo Horizonte, Brazil December, 2008

2. Explaining the Research Presentation guidelines: P.B. cases After the collection of data, it was time to categorize it for the analysis process. P.B. cases were categorized according to their existence in administrative mayoral periods in Brazil since 1997:  1997-2000: 120 cases  2001-2004: 199 cases  2005-2008: 201 cases Research Methodology: data collection and categorization;  P.B. incidence: emergence and spreading;  P.B. incidence: socio-economic indicators;  P.B. incidence: design and patterns for successful cases

3. PB’s Operation 1. City’s regionalization and constitution of fora and regional and thematic assemblies – presentation of demands and discussion of priorities; 2. Adjustment of the discussion to a set of rules and procedures to be discussed, such as poverty indices and access to public goods and services – redistributive criteria; 3. Creation of a PB council (delegates and councilors) that defines the investment plan and budget proposal; 4. Control, supervision and fiscalization of the implementation of approved projects.

4. Diffusion of PBs through municipal administrations in Brazil Source: Projeto Democracia Participativa, 2004 Period 1989-1992Period 1993-1996 P.B. INCIDENCE Emergence and spreading

5. Source: Projeto Democracia Participativa, 2004 Period 1997-2000Period 2001-2004 Diffusion of PBs through municipal administrations in Brazil P.B. INCIDENCE Emergence and spreading

6. Period 2005-2008 Source: data collected from the present research Diffusion of PBs through municipal administrations in Brazil P.B. INCIDENCE Emergence and spreading

7. Source: data collected from the present research Regions of Brazil Years 1997-20002001-20042005-2008 North 2,5%5,5%8,5% Northeast 14,2%22,6%22,4% South 39,2%22,6%21,9% Southeast 41,7%45,2%41,3% Center West 2,5%4%6,0% Percentage of P.B. Experiences through Brazil P.B. INCIDENCE Emergence and spreading

8. Source: data collected from the research PB 2008 Continuity 1997-2008 Continuity 2001-2008 Planning Secretary32,50%38,20%29,20% Works Secretary1,90%2,90%3,10% Finances / Accounting Secretary 11,90%8,80%9,20% Sector directly subordinated to the Executive 36,30%20,60%46,20% P.B. Secretary4,40%11,80%3,10% Secretary of administration8,10%11,80%4,60% Other5%5,90%4,60% P.B. 2008 In which place of the administration P.B. is located P.B. INCIDENCE Design and patterns for successful cases

9. Source: data collected from the research P.B. 2008 Timing cycle for the cases P.B. INCIDENCE Design and patterns for successful cases

10. Source: data collected from the research P.B. 2008 Existence of P.B. Municipal Council P.B. INCIDENCE Design and patterns for successful cases

11. Source: data collected from the present research P.B. 2008 Priorities for the distribution of resources P.B. INCIDENCE Design and patterns for successful cases

12. Conclusions HDI ranking above the average Historically, P.B. cases are present in cities that rank higher in HDI average. Despite the de-concentration from the South and Southeast, which are regions that usually rank higher anyway, this pattern hasn´t changed, as the table bellow shows: P.B. Cases still rank higher in HDI in comparison to Brazil´s average. Regarding the Northeast region, which has received most of the new cases found, the pattern remains the same: P.B. Cases rank higher in comparison to the regions average.

13. Conclusions Central institutions to the existence of P.B. The research has shown the existence of some institutions that have strong presence in the successful cases of P.B.. They are described in the table that follows: These institutons are related to design and may be understood as key elements for the proper functioning and even existence of P.B.

14. Dissemination paper Brazil and Mozambique

15. Analysis of data collected Brazil and Mozambique Two phenomena are common to both cases: FIRST Rapid increasing in the degree of urbanization in the last years

16. Analysis of data collected Brazil and Mozambique Second In spite of the increase in the degree of urbanization, there haven´t been adopted any effective urban planning policies to guide the process The result is the lack of basic policies in many areas of many cities, such as access to electric energy, access to basic infrastructure, and so on

17. Analysis of data collected Brazil and Mozambique One of the most important observed characteristic of P.B. cases in Brazil nowadays is not only the wide territorial distribution, but the non-complete dependency on the type of political party to exist. Not only leftist parties have been adopting it, but also centrist ones.

18. Analysis of data collected Brazil and Mozambique Successful cases in Brazil have shown that two variables do have great weight for the existence of P.B.: First The political will of the government. The support and initiative of the government are paramount Second The existence of a strong participatory background, or, in other words, the existence of a strong civil society capable of pressing the government for the adoption of the program

19. Analysis of data collected Brazil and Mozambique In Mozambique, as well as in many other african countries, some participatory programs have been implemented by a myriad of organizations However, the methodology of such programs implied a “top-down” implementation, which means that a whole prescription was previously made and, then, implemented as a package Successfull P.B. cases in Brazil have, rather, been implemented in a “bottom- up” basis. This suggest that the role to be played by civil society actors is crutial for the success of the program, participating in all steps of the process