1. 1 Part 1 The Locomotor System Bones Joints Skeletal muscles Part 1 The Locomotor System Bones Joints Skeletal muscles Skeleton: --- forms the framework --- movement --- protection --- storage of minerals calcium --- formation of blood cells Skeleton: --- forms the framework --- movement --- protection --- storage of minerals calcium --- formation of blood cells (levers) (axis) (motive force)

2. 2 Chapter 1 Osteology (The bone System) Chapter 1 Osteology (The bone System)

3. 3 Section 1 The general Description Each bone: ---- is a organ; ---- has proper shape and certain functions; ---- is hard and resilient and abundant in blood and nerve supply; ---- has constantly processing of metabolism and growth; ---- possesses the ability of repairing, regeneration, reconstruction; ---- can be affected by the genetic, external and internal environmental factors. Section 1 The general Description Each bone: ---- is a organ; ---- has proper shape and certain functions; ---- is hard and resilient and abundant in blood and nerve supply; ---- has constantly processing of metabolism and growth; ---- possesses the ability of repairing, regeneration, reconstruction; ---- can be affected by the genetic, external and internal environmental factors.

4. 4 Bones in adult are 206 in number— three parts — the skull — the bones of the trunk (axial bones) — the bones of the limbs (appendicular bones) Bones in adult are 206 in number— three parts — the skull — the bones of the trunk (axial bones) — the bones of the limbs (appendicular bones)

5. 5 . The shape and classification of bones According to the shape, there are 4 kinds of bones: long bone short bone flat bone irregular bone . The shape and classification of bones According to the shape, there are 4 kinds of bones: long bone short bone flat bone irregular bone

6. 6 1. Long bone: one body (shaft) two ends (extremities) (epiphyses) * medullary cavity, bone marrow 1. Long bone: one body (shaft) two ends (extremities) (epiphyses) * medullary cavity, bone marrow

7. 7 2. Short bones: cuboid composed of spongy substance with a thin layer of compact substance. carpal bones, 2. Short bones: cuboid composed of spongy substance with a thin layer of compact substance. carpal bones,

8. 8 3. Flat bones: plate. 2 plates: of compact bone with sponge bone — outer plate, inner plate, diploë 3. Flat bones: plate. 2 plates: of compact bone with sponge bone — outer plate, inner plate, diploë

9. 9 4. Irregular bone: some cranial bones contain air- filled cavities (sinuses)— “pneumatic bone” 4. Irregular bone: some cranial bones contain air- filled cavities (sinuses)— “pneumatic bone”

10. 10 Ⅵ. The structure of bone 1. Bony substances a) compact substance (bone). resisting stresses and bending. b) spongy substance (bone) (cancellous). consists of a lot of trabeculae which interweave with each other. (pressure and tension) Ⅵ. The structure of bone 1. Bony substances a) compact substance (bone). resisting stresses and bending. b) spongy substance (bone) (cancellous). consists of a lot of trabeculae which interweave with each other. (pressure and tension)

11. 11 2. Periosteum: It envelops external surface of the bones, except the joint surface (articular cartilage). 2 layers — outer layer:fibrous membrane inner layer:vascular membrane (osteoblasts). Regeneration and repair 2. Periosteum: It envelops external surface of the bones, except the joint surface (articular cartilage). 2 layers — outer layer:fibrous membrane inner layer:vascular membrane (osteoblasts). Regeneration and repair

12. 12 3. Bone marrow: 2 kinds of marrows— a) red marrow It is capable of making blood cells. b) yellow marrow It comprises a lot of fat and haven’t ability of making blood cells in general. 3. Bone marrow: 2 kinds of marrows— a) red marrow It is capable of making blood cells. b) yellow marrow It comprises a lot of fat and haven’t ability of making blood cells in general.

13. 13 .. Chemical composition and physical properties Bones are composed mostly of the organic material and the inorganic material. 1. Organic material --- It’s about 30 ～ 40 percent of the dry weight of the bone and is mainly collagen. --- It gives the bones resilience and toughness. 2. Inorganic material --- It’s about 60 ～ 70 percent and chiefly are calcium phosphate, calcium carbonate. --- It gives the bones hardness and rigidity. .. Chemical composition and physical properties Bones are composed mostly of the organic material and the inorganic material. 1. Organic material --- It’s about 30 ～ 40 percent of the dry weight of the bone and is mainly collagen. --- It gives the bones resilience and toughness. 2. Inorganic material --- It’s about 60 ～ 70 percent and chiefly are calcium phosphate, calcium carbonate. --- It gives the bones hardness and rigidity.