2. Presentation by: Christina Hanan

3. What events and government actions are most responsible for making segregation illegal?

4. Background Fourteenth Amendment -“All Citizens of the United States, either by birth or naturalization, are assured equal protection of the law.”- United States Constitution. Jim Crow Laws

5. Background Fourteenth Amendment Jim Crow Laws NAACP- –National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

6. What is segregation? http://scrapetv.com/News/News%20Pages/Politics/images-2/segregation-drinking-fountain.JPG

7. How does a case get to the Supreme Court? http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.justice.gov/usao/eousa/kidspage/images/appflow1.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.justice.gov/usao/eousa/kidspage/appealchart.html &h=480&w=640&sz=58&tbnid=JAP9Ja1ZUd4koM:&tbnh=103&tbnw=137&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dsupreme%2Bcourt%2Bchart&usg=__uI66PjYBQfgI- h8hrhZuDjXp0uM=&sa=X&ei=JiYQTJ_GNMP-8Aah7-WVCQ&ved=0CDYQ9QEwBQ

8. What events and government actions are most responsible for making segregation illegal? While the Fourteenth Amendment and various court cases were a start to desegregation, it wasn’t until the Brown v. Board of Education Supreme Court case that any action was taken.

9. Fourteenth Amendment http://freedomintelligence.files.wordpress.com/2009/04/14th-amendment.jpg

10. “Because it does not mention race, its protections- especially its guaranteed of “equal protection of the laws and “due process of the law”- apply to everyone in the United States... Formal citizens, and non citizens, even illegal aliens.” – (Black Trials p 84)

12. “The object of the fourteenth amendment was undoubtedly to enforce the equality of the two races before the law but in the nature of things it could not have been intended to abolish distinctions based upon color,... If one race be inferior to the other socially, the Constitution of the United States cannot put them together upon the same place.”

13. Cumming v. Richmond County Board of Education Did the Board of Education put more money towards white schooling?

14. Missouri ex rel Gaines v. Canada LLOYD GAINES Was Lloyd Gaines rejected to go to law school because of his race?

15. Brown vs. Board of Education Bolling v. C Melvin Sharpe Belton v. Gebhart Davis v. Board of Education of Prince Edward County Briggs v. Elliot Brown v. Board of Education

16. Bolling v. Sharpe 11 students Rejected Charles Hamilton

17. Belton v. Gebhart http://www.google.com/images?um=1&hl=en&client=safari&rls=en&tbs=isch%3A1&sa=1&q=howard+hi gh+school+delaware&aq=f&aqi=&aql=&oq=&gs_rfai= What happens when separate but equal is not equal anymore?

18. Briggs V. Elliot Should blacks be allowed to ride the public transportation?

19. Davis v. Board of Education of Prince Edward County One class.

20. Brown v. Board of Education Should Linda Brown have to travel far away for school, while there is a white only school 7 blocks away?

21. Process December 9 th, 1952 December 8 th 1953 “The separate but equal rule of Plessy v. Ferguson was conceived in error and should be reversed forthwith, Moreover, any delay in executing the judgment the court would involve insurmountable difficulties, so that the plaintiff in question should be admitted at once without distinctions of race or color to the school of her choice.”

22. Thurgoods Argument Separate schools for black and white inherently are unequal. Education is essential, therefore the government should do whatever they can in order to make it fair.

23. Decision “We conclude that in the field of public education, the doctrine “Separate but equal” has no place. Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal.”

24. Concurring Opinion “School segregation by state law causes a feeling of inferiority in black children that inflicts damage to their hearts and minds that may never be undone. Public school segregation by state law, therefore violates the equal protection clause of the fourteenth amendment.... The Plessy v. Ferguson “Separate but equal” is herewith formally overruled.

25. Civil Rights Act of 1964

26. Breyer, Stephen. “’Brown: One Constitution.....One People.....One Nation.’” Supreme Court of the United States. N.p., 17 May 2004. Web. 6 June 2010. <http://www.supremecourt.gov/ publicinfo/‌speeches/‌viewspeeches.aspx?Filename=sp_05-17-04b.html>. “ Brown v. Board of Education.” The U.S. National Archives and Records Administration. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 June 2010.. “Brown v. Board of Education 1954." Supreme Court Drama: Cases That Changed America. Ed. A Walton Litz, et al. Vol. 3: Affirmative Action/Assisted Suicide & the Right to Die/Civil Rights & Equal Protection/Gender Discrimination/Reproductive Rights/Rights of Immigrants, Gays, & the Disabled/Voting Rights. Detroit: UXL, 2001. 779-786. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 6 June 2010. “Brown v. Topeka Board of Education Oral History Collection.” Kansas State Historical Society. N.p., 2010. Web. 6 June 2010. <http://www.kshs.org/‌research/‌collections/‌documents/ personalpapers/‌findingaids/‌brownvboard/‌BrownScopeandHistory.htm>. Lawson, Don. Landmark Supreme Court Cases. Hillside N.J.: Enslow Publishers, 1987. Print. “Legal Department History.” The NAACP. N.p., 2009. Web. 6 June 2010.. Murphy, Bruce Allen. "Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka." World Book Online. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 June 2010. <http://www.worldbookonline.com/student/ article?id= ar079300&st=brown+vs+board+of+education>. "National Association for the Advancement of Colored People v. Alabama 1958." Supreme Court Drama: Cases That Changed America. Ed. A Walton Litz, et al. Vol. 1: Freedom of Assembly & Association/Freedom of the Press/Freedom of Religion/Freedom of Speech/Right to Privacy. Detroit: UXL, 2001. 11-15. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 6 June 2010. Weiner, Mark S. Black Trials. New York : Alfred A. Knoff, 2004. Print. Young, Mitchell. Racial Discriminaion. Farmington Hills, MI: Thomson Gale, 2006. Print.