1. TOPIC 2 : INDEPENDENT AFRICA

2. 2.1 WHAT WERE THE IDEAS THAT INFLUENCED THE INDEPENDENT STATES?

3. COLONIALISM Until 1960s most of Africa under colonial rule
In the 1960s most of Africa became independent
New states had different ideas about economic systems and forms of government

4. Decolonization and Independence

6. What types of economic systems were introduced?

7. Features of colonial economic systems:
Not self sufficient
Exported unprocessed minerals and cash crops cheaply
Imported expensive manufactured goods
Few secondary industries

8. New states wanted to promote economic development and industrialisation

9. Two main kinds of economic systems:
Socialism
(based on government control of economy)
Capitalism (based on private ownership, free enterprise, competition)

10. African socialism

11. Leaders supported socialism for different reasons:
Some said it was similar to traditional African society
Others said state control necessary for transformation after
colonial rule

12. Different forms of socialism introduced:
Tanzania: collectivisation of agriculture; economic self-reliance

13. Different forms of socialism introduced:
Ghana: large-scale government spending on public projects

14. Different forms of socialism introduced:
Mozambique: closer to Marxism; nationalisation; collectivisation; banning of private business; one-party government

15. Different forms of socialism introduced:
Zambia: Zambian humanism; mixed economy - combination of socialism and capitalism

16. Capitalism

17. Based on foreign investment; economic ties with West

18. Examples of capitalist economies:
Kenya:
state involvement but not state control of economy; white land sold to African farmers;
marketing boards;
foreign investment;
African entrepreneurship
- good economic growth but emergence of wealthy elite and dependence on Western
investments

19. Examples of capitalist economies:
Cote d’Ivoire:
foreign investment in cocoa, coffee, timber industries
- good economic growth but wealth centred in cities, not peasant agriculture

20. 2.2 WHAT FORMS OF GOVERNMENT WERE INTRODUCED?

21. 1. DEMOCRACY

24. Only Botswana had unbroken record of democracy:
Elections every 5 years
Opposition parties allowed to operate freely

25. 2. ONE-PARTY STATES

26. • Many countries became one-party states • This was partly a legacy of colonial rule:
» No tradition of democratic rule » Colonial governments used force to silence criticism or opposition

27. Other reasons for establishment of one-party states:
» Traditional African societies based on authority
of chiefs and consensus; not competitive
elections, rivalry between parties
» Single party system cheap and efficient
» Means of creating unity and avoiding ethnic
divisions
» Marxist belief that small group needed to lead
masses and set goals for development

28. One-party states led to abuse of power, dictatorship, reliance on army to stay in power, military coups, military dictatorships in:

29. » Congo/Zaire under Mobuto Sese Seko

30. » Uganda under Idi Amin

31. » Ethiopia under Mengistu