1. 1.1 What Is Science? Today’s special HW check: Vocab 1 Highest paying majors/careers Notes Write name on notecard Classroom rules Think tube Handout: Lab #1 Lab safety

2. 1.1 What Is Science? People rarely succeed unless they have fun in what they are doing. Andrew Carnegie Fact: Ketchup was sold in the 1830’s as medicine.

3. 1.1 What Is Science? Chapter 1: Science skills PAa.1:Generate hypotheses on the basis of credible, accurate, and relevant sources of scientific information. PAa.2:Use appropriate laboratory apparatuses, technology, and techniques safely and accurately when conducting a scientific investigation. PAa.3:Use scientific instruments to record measurement data in appropriate metric units that reflect the precision and accuracy of each particular instrument. PAa.4:Design a scientific investigation with appropriate methods of control to test a hypothesis (including independent and dependent variables), and evaluate the designs of sample investigations. PAa.5:Organize and interpret the data from a controlled scientific investigation by using mathematics (including formulas and dimensional analysis), graphs, models, and/or technology. PAa.6:Evaluate the results of a controlled scientific investigation in terms of whether they refute or verify the hypothesis. PAa.7:Evaluate a technological design or product on the basis of designated criteria (including cost, time, and materials). PAa.8:Compare the processes of scientific investigation and technological design. PAa.9:Use appropriate safety procedures when conducting investigations.

4. 1.1 What Is Science? In July 1997, the six-wheeled Sojourner rover became the first robot to explore planet Mars. Sojourner was built to answer questions about the nature of Mars. Science involves asking questions about nature and then finding ways to answer them.

5. 1.1 What Is Science? How does the process of science start and end? Science From Curiosity

6. 1.1 What Is Science? Have you ever checked what was living at the bottom of a pond? Taken off the cover of a baseball to see what was inside? Tried putting more chocolate or less in your milk to find out how much would give the best flavor? These are all examples of curiosity, and curiosity is the basis of science. Science From Curiosity

7. 1.1 What Is Science? Science begins with curiosity and often ends with discovery. Science From Curiosity

8. 1.1 What Is Science? In some experiments, observations are qualitative, or descriptive. In other experiments, observations are quantitative, or numerical. Some questions—for example, how the universe began—cannot be answered by direct observations and measurements but only by other kinds of evidence. Curiosity provides questions, but scientific results rely on finding answers. Science From Curiosity

9. 1.1 What Is Science? What is the relationship between science and technology? Science and Technology Science and technology are interdependent. Advances in one lead to advances in the other.

10. 1.1 What Is Science? Science is a system of knowledge and the methods you use to find that knowledge. The goal of science is to expand knowledge. Technology is the use of knowledge to solve practical problems. The goal of technology is to apply knowledge. Science and Technology

11. 1.1 What Is Science? The telephone was invented in 1876. By 1927, it was possible to make a phone call from New York to London. The first mobile telephones, invented during World War II, paved the way for modern cellular phones. At each step, new science was applied to improve the technology of the telephone.

12. 1.1 What Is Science? What are the branches of natural science? Branches of Science

13. 1.1 What Is Science? Natural science is generally divided into three branches: physical science, Earth and space science, and life science. Branches of Science

14. 1.1 What Is Science?

17. Chemistry is the study of the composition, structure, properties, and reactions of matter. Physics is the study of matter and energy and the interactions between the two through forces and motion. Physical science focuses on nonliving things.

18. 1.1 What Is Science? Geology is the study of the origin, history, structure, and systems of Earth. Astronomy is the study of the universe beyond Earth. The application of physics and chemistry to the study of Earth is called Earth science.

19. 1.1 What Is Science? Biology includes the physics and chemistry of living things, as well as their origin and behavior. Biologists study the different ways that organisms grow, survive, and reproduce. The study of living things is known as biology, or life science.

20. 1.1 What Is Science? Much of biology involves changes that are part of chemistry, while much of chemistry is defined by interactions that are part of physics Biophysics is a growing area of physics that applies physics to biology. There is overlap between different areas of science.

21. 1.1 What Is Science? The Big Ideas of Physical Science Space and Time The universe is both very old and very big. Matter and Change A very small amount of the universe is matter. All matter that you are familiar with is made up of building blocks called atoms.

22. 1.1 What Is Science? Forces and Motion Forces cause changes in motion. The laws of physics allow these changes to be calculated exactly. Energy Energy exists in many forms. Energy can be transferred from one form or object to another, but it can never be destroyed. The Big Ideas of Physical Science

23. 1.1 What Is Science? Science and Your Perspective Science is both a process and a body of knowledge. As more knowledge is added, the models that science uses to describe the universe change. Be skeptical. Ask questions. Be aware that the scientific facts of today might be changed as knowledge grows. However, believe in the scientific process that has discovered them.

24. 1.1 What Is Science? Assessment Questions 1.An example of technology that is related to the science of physics is a.a radio telescope. b.the law of conservation of energy. c.nuclear fusion in the core of a star. d.the speed of light.

25. 1.1 What Is Science? Assessment Questions 1.An example of technology that is related to the science of physics is a.a radio telescope. b.the law of conservation of energy. c.nuclear fusion in the core of a star. d.the speed of light. ANS:A

26. 1.1 What Is Science? Assessment Questions 2.Which of the following would not be included among the main ideas of physical science? a.space and time b.matter and change c.forces, motion, and energy d.living systems and organisms

27. 1.1 What Is Science? Assessment Questions 2.Which of the following would not be included among the main ideas of physical science? a.space and time b.matter and change c.forces, motion, and energy d.living systems and organisms ANS:D

28. 1.1 What Is Science? Assessment Questions 1.Natural science is divided into three overlapping branches: physical science, earth and space science, and life science. True False

29. 1.1 What Is Science? Assessment Questions 1.Natural science is divided into three overlapping branches: physical science, earth and space science, and life science. True False ANS:T

30. 1.1 What Is Science? You are caught in the rain. Should you run or walk? Maybe you should run–less time in the rain means less water falls down on you. Maybe you should walk–moving slower causes you to run into fewer drops. This is a question that you can try to answer with a scientific approach.

31. 1.1 What Is Science? What is the goal of a scientific method? Scientific Methods

32. 1.1 What Is Science? An organized plan for gathering, organizing, and communicating information is called a scientific method. You can use a scientific method to search for the answer to a question. Scientific methods can vary from case to case, depending on the question and how the researcher decides to look for an answer. Scientific Methods

33. 1.1 What Is Science? The goal of any scientific method is to solve a problem or to better understand an observed event. Scientific Methods

34. 1.1 What Is Science? Here is an example of a scientific method. Each step uses specific skills. The order of steps can vary. Sometimes you will use all of the steps and other times only some of them. Scientific Methods

35. 1.1 What Is Science? Scientific Methods Here is an example of a scientific method. Each step uses specific skills. The order of steps can vary. Sometimes you will use all of the steps and other times only some of them.

36. 1.1 What Is Science? Scientific Methods Here is an example of a scientific method. Each step uses specific skills. The order of steps can vary. Sometimes you will use all of the steps and other times only some of them.

37. 1.1 What Is Science? Scientific Methods Here is an example of a scientific method. Each step uses specific skills. The order of steps can vary. Sometimes you will use all of the steps and other times only some of them.

38. 1.1 What Is Science? Scientific Methods Here is an example of a scientific method. Each step uses specific skills. The order of steps can vary. Sometimes you will use all of the steps and other times only some of them.

39. 1.1 What Is Science? Scientific Methods Here is an example of a scientific method. Each step uses specific skills. The order of steps can vary. Sometimes you will use all of the steps and other times only some of them.

40. 1.1 What Is Science? Scientific Methods Here is an example of a scientific method. Each step uses specific skills. The order of steps can vary. Sometimes you will use all of the steps and other times only some of them.

41. 1.1 What Is Science? Scientific Methods Here is an example of a scientific method. Each step uses specific skills. The order of steps can vary. Sometimes you will use all of the steps and other times only some of them.

42. 1.1 What Is Science? Scientific Methods Making Observations Scientific investigations often begin with observations. An observation is information that you obtain through your senses. Forming a Hypothesis A hypothesis is a proposed answer to a question.

43. 1.1 What Is Science? Scientific Methods Testing a Hypothesis In an experiment, any factor that can change is called a variable. The manipulated variable causes a change. The responding variable changes in response to the manipulated variable. A controlled experiment is an experiment in which only one variable, the manipulated variable, is deliberately changed at a time.

44. 1.1 What Is Science? Scientific Methods Drawing Conclusions A conclusion describes how facts apply to a hypothesis. Developing a Theory A scientific theory is a well-tested explanation for a set of observations or experimental results. Once a hypothesis has been supported in repeated experiments, scientists can begin to develop a theory.

45. 1.1 What Is Science? Scientific Methods Question: How does speed affect how wet you get in the rain? Hypothesis: The faster your speed, the drier you will stay. Experiment: Test whether speed affects how wet you get in the rain.

46. 1.1 What Is Science? In 1997, two meteorologists conducted a controlled experiment to determine if moving faster keeps you drier in the rain. One scientist walked 100 yards and the other ran the same distance. Variables, such as type of clothes, were controlled. Scientific Methods

47. 1.1 What Is Science? The clothes of the walking scientist accumulated 217 grams of water; the clothes of the running scientist accumulated 130 grams of water. Draw a Conclusion: The scientists concluded that running in the rain keeps you drier. Scientific Methods

48. 1.1 What Is Science? How does a scientific law differ from a scientific theory? Scientific Laws

49. 1.1 What Is Science? After repeated observations or experiments, scientists may arrive at a scientific law. A scientific law is a statement that summarizes a pattern found in nature. For example, Newton’s law of gravity is a scientific law that has been verified over and over. Scientists have yet to agree on a theory that explains how gravity works. Scientific Laws

50. 1.1 What Is Science? A scientific law describes an observed pattern in nature without attempting to explain it. The explanation of such a pattern is provided by a scientific theory. Scientific Laws

51. 1.1 What Is Science? Scientific models make it easier to understand things that might be too difficult to observe directly. Scientific Models A model is a representation of an object or event. A street map is a model of a city. Why are scientific models useful?

52. 1.1 What Is Science? This computer model represents the interior of an airplane. It helps the engineers visualize the layout of the plane. Scientific Models

53. 1.1 What Is Science? Models help you visualize things that are too small to see, such as atoms, or things that are large, such as the solar system. An example of a mental, rather than physical, model might be that comets are like giant snowballs, primarily made of ice. As new data are collected, models can be changed or be replaced by new models. Scientific Models

54. 1.1 What Is Science? Safety plays an important role in science. Laboratory work may involve flames or hot plates, electricity, chemicals, hot liquids, sharp instruments, and breakable glassware. Always follow your teacher’s instructions and the textbook directions exactly. Working Safely in Science

55. 1.1 What Is Science? Assessment Questions 1.What is a hypothesis? a.a statement that summarizes a pattern found in nature b.a well-tested explanation for a set of observations or experimental results c.an experiment in which only one variable is deliberately changed at a time d.a proposed answer to a question

56. 1.1 What Is Science? Assessment Questions 1.What is a hypothesis? a.a statement that summarizes a pattern found in nature b.a well-tested explanation for a set of observations or experimental results c.an experiment in which only one variable is deliberately changed at a time d.a proposed answer to a question ANS:D

57. 1.1 What Is Science? Assessment Questions 2.How does a scientific law differ from a theory? a.A scientific law describes observations while a theory provides an explanation. b.A scientific law cannot be changed by additional observations, but a theory can be changed. c.A theory is a possible explanation, but a scientific law is a proven explanation. d.There is no difference because scientific law and theory are two terms that mean the same thing.

58. 1.1 What Is Science? Assessment Questions 2.How does a scientific law differ from a theory? a.A scientific law describes observations while a theory provides an explanation. b.A scientific law cannot be changed by additional observations, but a theory can be changed. c.A theory is a possible explanation, but a scientific law is a proven explanation. d.There is no difference because scientific law and theory are two terms that mean the same thing. ANS:A

59. 1.1 What Is Science? Assessment Questions 3.What is the main purpose of a scientific model? a.to show how a hypothesis was developed b.to prove a theory c.to make complex concepts easier to understand d.to show a large object, such as the Earth, in a smaller form

60. 1.1 What Is Science? Assessment Questions 3.What is the main purpose of a scientific model? a.to show how a hypothesis was developed b.to prove a theory c.to make complex concepts easier to understand d.to show a large object, such as the Earth, in a smaller form ANS:C

61. 1.1 What Is Science? Assessment Questions 4.How does a scientific law differ from a theory? a.Assume that it is safe because the school would not allow unsafe chemicals. b.Assume that it is a hazardous chemical because all chemicals are dangerous. c.Ask your teacher or check the procedure to find the correct safety precautions. d.Ask your lab partner whether the chemical is hazardous or not.

62. 1.1 What Is Science? Assessment Questions 4.How does a scientific law differ from a theory? a.Assume that it is safe because the school would not allow unsafe chemicals. b.Assume that it is a hazardous chemical because all chemicals are dangerous. c.Ask your teacher or check the procedure to find the correct safety precautions. d.Ask your lab partner whether the chemical is hazardous or not. ANS:C

63. 1.1 What Is Science? Today’s special Turn in Lab Safety Contract & Einstein Revealed paper on front desk HW check; Q & A Lab: measurement

64. 1.1 What Is Science? How old are you? How tall are you? The answers to these questions are measurements. Measurements are important in both science and everyday life. It would be difficult to imagine doing science without any measurements.

65. 1.1 What Is Science? Why is scientific notation useful? Using Scientific Notation

66. 1.1 What Is Science? Why is scientific notation useful? Using Scientific Notation Scientists often work with very large or very small numbers. Astronomers estimate there are 200,000,000,000 stars in our galaxy.

67. 1.1 What Is Science? Scientific notation is a way of expressing a value as the product of a number between 1 and 10 and a power of 10. For example, the speed of light is about 300,000,000 meters per second. In scientific notation, that speed is 3.0 × 10 8 m/s. The exponent, 8, tells you that the decimal point is really 8 places to the right of the 3. Using Scientific Notation

68. 1.1 What Is Science? For numbers less than 1 that are written in scientific notation, the exponent is negative. For example, an average snail’s pace is 0.00086 meters per second. In scientific notation, that speed is 8.6 × 10 -4 m/s. The negative exponent tells you how many decimals places there are to the left of the 8.6. Using Scientific Notation

69. 1.1 What Is Science? To multiply numbers written in scientific notation, you multiply the numbers that appear before the multiplication signs and add the exponents. The following example demonstrates how to calculate the distance light travels in 500 seconds. This is about the distance between the sun and Earth. Using Scientific Notation

70. 1.1 What Is Science? When dividing numbers written in scientific notation, you divide the numbers that appear before the exponential terms and subtract the exponents. The following example demonstrates how to calculate the time it takes light from the sun to reach Earth. Using Scientific Notation

71. 1.1 What Is Science? Using Scientific Notation A rectangular parking lot has a length of 1.1 × 10 3 meters and a width of 2.4 × 10 3 meters. What is the area of the parking lot? Using Scientific Notation

72. 1.1 What Is Science? Read and Understand What information are you given? Using Scientific Notation

73. 1.1 What Is Science? Read and Understand What information are you given? Using Scientific Notation

74. 1.1 What Is Science? Plan and Solve What unknown are you trying to calculate? What formula contains the given quantities and the unknown? Replace each variable with its known value Using Scientific Notation

75. 1.1 What Is Science? Look Back and Check Is your answer reasonable? Yes, the number calculated is the product of the numbers given, and the units (m 2 ) indicate area. Using Scientific Notation

76. 1.1 What Is Science? Look Back and Check 1. Perform the following calculations. Express your answers in scientific notation. a. (7.6 × 10 -4 m) × (1.5 × 10 7 m) b. 0.00053 ÷ 29 2. Calculate how far light travels in 8.64 × 10 4 seconds. (Hint: The speed of light is about 3.0 × 10 8 m/s.) Using Scientific Notation

77. 1.1 What Is Science? What units do scientists use for their measurements? SI Units of Measurement

78. 1.1 What Is Science? Scientists use a set of measuring units called SI, or the International System of Units. SI is an abbreviation for Système International d’Unités. SI is a revised version of the metric system, originally developed in France in 1791. Scientists around the world use the same system of measurements so that they can readily interpret one another’s measurements. SI Units of Measurement

79. 1.1 What Is Science? If you told one of your friends that you had finished an assignment “in five,” it could mean five minutes or five hours. Always express measurements in numbers and units so that their meaning is clear. These students’ temperature measurement will include a number and the unit, °C. SI Units of Measurement

80. 1.1 What Is Science? Base Units and Derived Units SI is built upon seven metric units, known as base units. In SI, the base unit for length, or the straight- line distance between two points, is the meter (m). The base unit for mass, or the quantity of matter in an object or sample, is the kilogram (kg). SI Units of Measurement

81. 1.1 What Is Science? Seven metric base units make up the foundation of SI. SI Units of Measurement

82. 1.1 What Is Science? Additional SI units, called derived units, are made from combinations of base units. Volume is the amount of space taken up by an object. Density is the ratio of an object’s mass to its volume: SI Units of Measurement

83. 1.1 What Is Science? Specific combinations of SI base units yield derived units. SI Units of Measurement

84. 1.1 What Is Science? To derive the SI unit for density, you can divide the base unit for mass by the derived unit for volume. Dividing kilograms by cubic meters yields the SI unit for density, kilograms per cubic meter (kg/m 3 ). A bar of gold has more mass per unit volume than a feather, so gold has a greater density than a feather. SI Units of Measurement

85. 1.1 What Is Science? Metric Prefixes The metric unit is not always a convenient one to use. A metric prefix indicates how many times a unit should be multiplied or divided by 10. SI Units of Measurement

86. 1.1 What Is Science? For example, the time it takes for a computer hard drive to read or write data is in the range of thousandths of a second, such as 0.009 second. Using the prefix milli- (m), you can write 0.009 second as 9 milliseconds, or 9 ms. SI Units of Measurement

87. 1.1 What Is Science? Metric prefixes can also make a unit larger. For example, a distance of 12,000 meters can also be written as 12 kilometers. Metric prefixes turn up in nonmetric units as well. If you work with computers, you probably know that a gigabyte of data refers to 1,000,000,000 bytes. A megapixel is 1,000,000 pixels. SI Units of Measurement

88. 1.1 What Is Science? A conversion factor is a ratio of equivalent measurements used to convert a quantity expressed in one unit to another unit. To convert the height of Mount Everest, 8848 meters, into kilometers, multiply by the conversion factor on the left. SI Units of Measurement

89. 1.1 What Is Science? To convert 8.848 kilometers back into meters, multiply by the conversion factor on the right. Since you are converting from kilometers to meters, the number should get larger. In this case, the kilometer units cancel, leaving you with meters. SI Units of Measurement

90. 1.1 What Is Science? How does the precision of measurements affect the precision of scientific calculations? Limits of Measurement

91. 1.1 What Is Science? Limits of Measurement Precision Precision is a gauge of how exact a measurement is. Significant figures are all the digits that are known in a measurement, plus the last digit that is estimated.

92. 1.1 What Is Science? The precision of a calculated answer is limited by the least precise measurement used in the calculation. Limits of Measurement

93. 1.1 What Is Science? Limits of Measurement A more precise time can be read from the digital clock than can be read from the analog clock. The digital clock is precise to the nearest second, while the analog clock is precise to the nearest minute.

94. 1.1 What Is Science? Limits of Measurement If the least precise measurement in a calculation has three significant figures, then the calculated answer can have at most three significant figures. Mass = 34.73 grams Volume = 4.42 cubic centimeters. Rounding to three significant figures, the density is 7.86 grams per cubic centimeter.

95. 1.1 What Is Science? Limits of Measurement Accuracy Another important quality in a measurement is its accuracy. Accuracy is the closeness of a measurement to the actual value of what is being measured. For example, suppose a digital clock is running 15 minutes slow. Although the clock would remain precise to the nearest second, the time displayed would not be accurate.

96. 1.1 What Is Science? A thermometer is an instrument that measures temperature, or how hot an object is. Measuring Temperature

97. 1.1 What Is Science? Measuring Temperature Celsius (centigrade) temperature scale Fahrenheit scale Capillary tube Colored liquid The liquid moves up and down the capillary tube as the temperature changes. Bulb The bulb contains the reservoir of liquid. Scale The scale indicates the temperature according to how far up or down the capillary tube the liquid has moved.

98. 1.1 What Is Science? Measuring Temperature Compressed scale Liquid rises less in a wide tube for the same temperature change. Liquid rises more in a narrow tube for the same temperature change. Expanded, easy-to-read scale

99. 1.1 What Is Science? The two temperature scales that you are probably most familiar with are the Fahrenheit scale and the Celsius scale. A degree Celsius is almost twice as large as a degree Fahrenheit. You can convert from one scale to the other by using one of the following formulas. Measuring Temperature

100. 1.1 What Is Science? The SI base unit for temperature is the kelvin (K). A temperature of 0 K, or 0 kelvin, refers to the lowest possible temperature that can be reached. In degrees Celsius, this temperature is –273.15°C. To convert between kelvins and degrees Celsius, use the formula: Measuring Temperature

101. 1.1 What Is Science? Temperatures can be expressed in degrees Fahrenheit, degrees Celsius, or kelvins. Measuring Temperature

102. 1.1 What Is Science? Assessment Questions 1.A shopping mall has a length of 200 meters and a width of 75 meters. What is the area of the mall, in scientific notation? a.1 × 10 3 m 2 b.1.5 × 10 3 m 2 c.1.5 × 10 4 m 2 d.1.75 × 10 4 m 2

103. 1.1 What Is Science? Assessment Questions 1.A shopping mall has a length of 200 meters and a width of 75 meters. What is the area of the mall, in scientific notation? a.1 × 10 3 m 2 b.1.5 × 10 3 m 2 c.1.5 × 10 4 m 2 d.1.75 × 10 4 m 2 ANS:C

104. 1.1 What Is Science? Assessment Questions 2.A student measures the volume and mass of a liquid. The volume is 50.0 mL and the mass is 78.43 g. What is the correct calculated value of the liquid’s density? (A calculator reads 1.5686.) a.1.6 g/cm 3 b.1.57 g/cm 3 c.1.569 g/cm 3 d.1.5686 g/cm 3

105. 1.1 What Is Science? Assessment Questions 2.A student measures the volume and mass of a liquid. The volume is 50.0 mL and the mass is 78.43 g. What is the correct calculated value of the liquid’s density? (A calculator reads 1.5686.) a.1.6 g/cm 3 b.1.57 g/cm 3 c.1.569 g/cm 3 d.1.5686 g/cm 3 ANS:B

106. 1.1 What Is Science? Assessment Questions 3.How can you convert a temperature expressed in kelvin (K) to degree Celsius (°C)? a.add 32 b.subtract 32 c.add 273 d.subtract 273

107. 1.1 What Is Science? Assessment Questions 3.How can you convert a temperature expressed in kelvin (K) to degree Celsius (°C)? a.add 32 b.subtract 32 c.add 273 d.subtract 273 ANS:C

108. 1.1 What Is Science? Assessment Questions 1.The SI base unit for length is the mile. True False

109. 1.1 What Is Science? Assessment Questions 1.The SI base unit for length is the mile. True False ANS:F, meter

110. 1.1 What Is Science? In order for news to be useful, it must be reported in a clear, organized manner. Like the news, scientific data become meaningful only when they are organized and communicated. Communication includes visual presentations, such as this graph.

111. 1.1 What Is Science? How do scientists organize data? Organizing Data

112. 1.1 What Is Science? Scientists can organize their data by using data tables and graphs. Organizing Data

113. 1.1 What Is Science? Data Tables The simplest way to organize data is to present them in a table. This table relates two variables—a manipulated variable (location) and a responding variable (average annual precipitation). Organizing Data

114. 1.1 What Is Science? Line Graphs A line graph is useful for showing changes that occur in related variables. In a line graph, the manipulated variable is generally plotted on the horizontal axis, or x-axis. The responding variable is plotted on the vertical axis, or y-axis, of the graph. Organizing Data

115. 1.1 What Is Science? Sometimes the data points in a graph yield a straight line. The steepness, or slope, of this line is the ratio of a vertical change to the corresponding horizontal change. The formula for the slope of the line is Organizing Data

116. 1.1 What Is Science? Plotting the mass of water against the volume of water yields a straight line. Organizing Data

117. 1.1 What Is Science? A direct proportion is a relationship in which the ratio of two variables is constant. The relationship between the mass and the volume of water is an example of a direct proportion. A 3-cubic-centimeter sample of water has a mass of 3 grams. A 6-cubic-centimeter sample of water has a mass of 6 grams. A 9-cubic-centimeter sample of water has a mass of 9 grams. Organizing Data

118. 1.1 What Is Science? This graph shows how the flow rate of a water faucet affects the time required to fill a 1-gallon pot. Organizing Data

119. 1.1 What Is Science? An inverse proportion is a relationship in which the product of two variables is a constant. A flow rate of 0.5 gallon per minute will fill the pot in 2 minutes. A flow rate of 1 gallon per minute will fill the pot in 1 minute. A flow rate of 2 gallons per minute will fill the pot in 0.5 minute. Organizing Data

120. 1.1 What Is Science? Faster Than Speeding Data A modem is a device used to send and receive data. For example, if you upload an image to a Web site, the modem in your computer converts the data of the image into a different format. The converted data are then sent through a telephone line or cable TV line. The smallest unit of data that can be read by a computer is a binary digit, or “bit.” A bit is either a 0 or a 1. Computers process bits in larger units called bytes. A byte is a group of eight bits. Organizing Data

121. 1.1 What Is Science? The table shows the data transfer rates for modems used in home computers. Data transfer rates are often measured in kilobits per second, or kbps. The time required to upload a 1-megabyte (MB) file is given for each rate listed. Organizing Data

122. 1.1 What Is Science? 1. Using Graphs Use the data in the table to create a line graph. Describe the relationship between data transfer rate and upload time. Answer: Organizing Data

123. 1.1 What Is Science? 2. Inferring How would doubling the data transfer rate affect the upload time? Answer: Doubling the data transfer rate would halve the upload time. Organizing Data

124. 1.1 What Is Science? Bar Graphs A bar graph is often used to compare a set of measurements, amounts, or changes. Organizing Data

125. 1.1 What Is Science? Circle Graphs If you think of a pie cut into pieces, you have a mental model of a circle graph. A circle graph shows how a part or share of something relates to the whole. Organizing Data

126. 1.1 What Is Science? How can scientists communicate experimental data? Communicating Data

127. 1.1 What Is Science? Scientists can communicate results by writing in scientific journals or speaking at conferences. Communicating Data

128. 1.1 What Is Science? Scientists also exchange information through conversations, e-mails, and Web sites. Young scientists often present their research at science fairs. Communicating Data

129. 1.1 What Is Science? Peer review is a process in which scientists examine other scientists’ work. Peer review encourages comments, suggestions, questions, and criticism from other scientists. Based on their peers’ responses, the scientists who submitted their work for review can then reevaluate how to best interpret their data. Communicating Data

130. 1.1 What Is Science? Assessment Questions 1.Which type of graph is most useful for showing how part of something relates to the whole? a.bar b.circle c.column d.line

131. 1.1 What Is Science? Assessment Questions 1.Which type of graph is most useful for showing how part of something relates to the whole? a.bar b.circle c.column d.line ANS:B

132. 1.1 What Is Science? Assessment Questions 2.How does a line graph generally show the relationship between the manipulated variable and the responding variable? a.The manipulated variable is plotted on the x-axis, and the responding variable is plotted on the y-axis. b.The responding variable is plotted on the x-axis, and the manipulated variable is plotted on the y-axis. c.The manipulated variable is plotted on the graph, and the responding variable is shown by the slope. d.The responding variable is plotted on the graph, and the manipulated variable is shown by the slope.

133. 1.1 What Is Science? Assessment Questions 2.How does a line graph generally show the relationship between the manipulated variable and the responding variable? a.The manipulated variable is plotted on the x-axis, and the responding variable is plotted on the y-axis. b.The responding variable is plotted on the x-axis, and the manipulated variable is plotted on the y-axis. c.The manipulated variable is plotted on the graph, and the responding variable is shown by the slope. d.The responding variable is plotted on the graph, and the manipulated variable is shown by the slope. ANS:A

134. 1.1 What Is Science? Assessment Questions 3.How do scientists communicate the results of scientific investigations? a.by writing in scientific journals or speaking at conferences b.using secret code c.only through e-mail d.by writing in literary journals

135. 1.1 What Is Science? Assessment Questions 3.How do scientists communicate the results of scientific investigations? a.by writing in scientific journals or speaking at conferences b.using secret code c.only through e-mail d.by writing in literary journals ANS:A

136. 1.1 What Is Science? Assessment Questions 4.Why is peer review an important part of the scientific process? a.Peer review makes sure that the correct researcher gets credit for discoveries. b.Peer review helps identify errors or bias in research. c.Peer review is the system used to report information to other scientists. d.Peer review helps other scientists form theories about a discovery.

137. 1.1 What Is Science? Assessment Questions 4.Why is peer review an important part of the scientific process? a.Peer review makes sure that the correct researcher gets credit for discoveries. b.Peer review helps identify errors or bias in research. c.Peer review is the system used to report information to other scientists. d.Peer review helps other scientists form theories about a discovery. ANS:B

138. 1.1 What Is Science? Today’s special Finish lab: Lab due next time! Classroom rules NASA update Think Tube follow-up Scientific confirmation Work on HW II: due next! Test review next time…

139. 1.1 What Is Science? Today’s special Turn in lab on front table HW check; Q & A Practice test (due next time) Review for test Test next class!!!

140. 1.1 What Is Science? Today’s special Turn in Practice Test on front table NOW! Test 1 When you are finished, define your vocabulary and read chapter 2 silently (no talking until all tests are turned in, please)