1. Background and History
Beowulf
Background and History

2. Beowulf Summary
The epic poem Beowulf opens describing the two great kingdoms of the Geat's and the Dane's.  Beowulf, our title character, is the prince of the Geat's and a great warrior. Hrothgar is the (king) of the Danes. He is the epitome of the perfect man, with moral and physical strength.
The poem begins describing the glory of both Beowulfs kingdom and then explains that the Danes have been tormented by a monster, Grendel, whose jealously is causing the destruction of the Danish kingdom. 
Many warriors have attempted to protect the kingdom and destroy the monster Grendel but have failed, and this is where Beowulf enters the scene.  Each battle and test Beowulf faces continue to prove the power the pure heart has over fate.

3. Social Society Warrior–based society
Focus on the hero, and trial of personal worth
Security and threat – survival in harsh world
Comitatus- agreement between lord and thanes (warriors recognized with a title by king/lord) : Thanes swear allegiance to lord in return for protection, wealth ,and weapons.
Your status was determined by who your father was, and to whom you pledged your allegiance.
Gathered at mead hall for flyting (boasting)
and merriment.
Mead is fermented honey. (Bee puke)

4. Important Terms
Epic- Long narrative poem that recounts in formal language, the exploits of a larger than life hero. They were meant to be sung or recited to music (ie. The harp or lute).
Kenning- A compound poetic phrase, a figure of speech, substituted for the usual name of a person or thing.
Example: The sea in Old English could be called sail-road or whale-road. In modern terms, chess might be “The game of kings”
Motif- A repeated symbol, metaphor etc. which brings unity to a literary work. Example: Monster

5. Important Terms Continued…
Wyrd: Old English for fate, which was believed to be the controlling force of the world for pre-Christian Anglo-Saxon culture.
Wergild: “manprice”; As Donaldson writes, “If one of his kinsmen had been slain, a man had a special duty of either killing the slayer or exacting from him the payment of wergild The money itself had less significance as wealth than as proof that the kinsmen had done what was right. Relatives who failed either to exact wergild or to take vengeance could never be happy, having found no practical way of satisfying their grief.”
Flyting was key in the Anglo-Saxon world. Boasting before war prepared them for glory on the battlefield.

6. Important Terms Continued…
Scop- An Old English poet or bard. A story teller.
Caesura - A pause in a line of verse dictated by sense or natural speech rhythm rather than by metrics.
Synecdoche- A figure of speech in which a part is used for the whole (as hand for sailor), the whole for a part (as the law for police officer), the specific for the general (as cutthroat for assassin), the general for the specific (as thief for pickpocket), or the material for the thing made from it (as steel for sword).
Alliteration – repetition of initial consonant sound to create mood/tone Ex: Down in the dark, the monster growled

7. EPIC HERO Gives his/her life to something bigger than him/herself.
Performs a courageous act, either physical or spiritual
Feels he or his society has had something taken from him/them.
Embarks on a series of adventures to recover what is lost
Leaves the known, conventional safety of his life to undertake the journey.
Undergoes trials and tests of courage.
Has to achieve something.
Performs a journey that usually consists of departure/fulfillment and return.

8. Sutton Hoo Archeological Site
Helmet from Sutton Hoo, Suffolk, England. The hero Beowulf is never described in physical detail and remains fairly inscrutable. Since 1939, though, when the treasures buried at Sutton Hoo were unearthed, many people have been tempted to associate the poem with objects found at that site. This helmet, for some present-day readers, may be as close to the man "Beowulf" as one can get.

9. Key Facts
Author- Unknown although it is thought the first written manuscripts of Beowulf came into existence between A.D. and were penned by monks?.
Genre- Poem/ heroic epic.
Language- Originally Anglo-Saxon (Old English)
ORIGINAL Hwæt. We Gardena    in gear-dagum, þeodcyninga,     þrym gefrunon, hu ða æþelingas     ellen fremedon.
LITERAL
What. We of the Spear-Danes  in old days of the people-kings,    power heard, how the princes    brave deeds did.

10. Artist’s Depiction of Beowulf

11. Key Facts Continued…
Narrator-A Christian narrator telling a pagan story
Point of View- Third person objective.
Tone- Tone ranges from the enthusiastic to a sense of doom.
Tense- Past
Setting/Time – Around 500 A.D. with references to a much earlier time.
Setting/Place- Denmark and Geatland (modern Sweden)

12. Key Facts Continued… Protagonist- Beowulf
Major Conflict- There are three central conflicts. 1. Grendel’s domination of Heorot Hall. 2. The vengeance of Grendel’s mother The rage of the dragon.
Rising Action- Grendel’s attack on Heorot, Beowulf’s defeat of Grendel, and Grendel’s mother’s attack.

13. Key Facts Continued…
Climax- Beowulf’s encounter with Grendel’s mother constitutes the moment at which good and evil are in greatest tension.
Falling Action- King Hrothgar’s praise of Beowulf as a worthy hero and king.
Themes- Good warrior vs Good king, Good vs Evil, Christian vs Pagan ritual.
Motif ties into a theme: Motif – Monster
Theme – Beowulf (Good) vs Monster (Evil)

14. Beowulf(Good) vs Monster(Evil)
Theme: Good vs Evil, Establishing One’s Identity, Good Warrior/King
Motifs: Monster, Oral Tradition (Singing Scop), Beowulf/Hrothgar

15. Major Characters
Beowulf- The protagonist, Beowulf is a Geatish hero who fights the monster Grendel, Grendel’s mother and a fire-breathing dragon. Beowulf’s bosts and encounters reveal him to be the strongest and most able warrior.
King Hrothgar- King of the Danes. Hrothgar’s kingdom is terrorized by Grendel. He is a father figure to Beowulf and a model for the kind of king that Beowulf becomes.
Grendel- A ruthless demon descended from Cain.
Grendel’s mother- An unnamed swamp-hag who seeks vengeance for her son’s murder.

16. Important Places
Denmark- Land of the Danes, located in Eastern Europe.
Sweden- Home of the Geats.
Herot- The battle/mead hall.
Lair- The underground home of Grendel and his mother, which exists in the old battlehall of a castle, beneath a lake.

17. CHRISTIANITY VS. PAGANISM
Spiritual culture - faith in heavens and morality
Loyalty to a God
Bible
PAGAN
- Warrior culture
- Loyalty to many gods
Tell stories to teach lessons.
COMITATUS: loyalty to lord, do
anything for him (loyalty rewarded with fame/riches, mead hall),
- Exile worst punishment

18. PAGAN WORLD
The world is believed to be set up in different dimensions:
Gods (Asgard) above
the underworld (Hel) below
the Earth plane (Midgard)

19. CHRISTIANITY VS. PAGANISM
WYRD: You are powerless in life, with no real choice. It is a dangerous world ruled by FATE (predetermined)
You should have the courage to fight/die early. You live a a good life by achieving fame/glory through deeds, riches.
CHRISTIAN
PROVIDENCE: People follow
Christian qualities and obey
commandments in hopes of going
to a better after life.
You have the free will to live a good life. Suffering you endure will pay off in the glorious afterlife with God.
Pagan and Christian beliefs amalgamated to create a unique Anglo-Saxon society

20. Mix of Paganism and Christianity
Values:
Presence of nature
Power of warrior
Importance of God
“By wolf-cliffs haunt they and windy headlands/where flows the stream and mountains gliding.
Wyrd
“For Wyrd hath swept them/all my line, to the land of doom/ earls in their glory; I after them go.

21. Allusion
“The Almighty making the earth, shaping these beautiful plains
Allusion is a brief and indirect reference to a person, place, thing or idea of historical, cultural, literary or political significance.

22. OLD ENGLISH OLD ENGLISH VERBS: Cyssan – cyste – cyssed (kiss)
Ridan – rad – ridden (ride)
Drincan – dranc – drunken (drink)
Sprecan – sprac – sprecen (speak)
Fyllan – fylde – fylled (fill)
Cnyttan – cnytte – cnytted (knit)