1. MEXICO Chapter 10

2. THE MAKING OF THE MODERN MEXICAN STATE  Politics in Action  Geographic Setting  Costal plains, high plateaus, fertile valleys, rain forests, and desserts  Makes communication and transportation difficult and infrastructure expensive  Urban country, large metropolitan area Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning 2 Section 1

3. Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning 3

4. THE MEXICAN NATION AT A GLANCE Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning 4

5. THE MAKING OF THE MODERN MEXICAN STATE  Critical Junctures  Independence, Instability, and Dictatorship (1810-1910)  The Revolution of 1910 and the Sonoran Dynasty (1910-1934)  Lázaro Cárdenas, Agrarian Reform, and the Workers (1934–1940) Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning 5

6. THE MAKING OF THE MODERN MEXICAN STATE  Critical Junctures  The Politics of Rapid Development (1940- 1982)  Crisis and Reform (1982-2000)  Since 2000: Mexico as a Multiparty Democracy Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning 6

7. THE MAKING OF THE MODERN MEXICAN STATE  The Four Themes and Mexico  Mexico in a Globalized World of States  Governing the Economy  The Democratic Idea  The Politics of Collective Identity Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning 7

8. THE MAKING OF THE MODERN MEXICAN STATE  Themes and Comparisons  Social revolution  Revolution of 1910  Recent open and competitive political system  Embracing globalization as a development strategy  Transitioned away from civilian authoritarian rule  Civil society Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning 8

9. Where Do You Stand? How would you assess the meaning and legacy of the Mexican Revolution? To what extent were the promises of the revolution fulfilled? In recent years, both the resiliency and the fragility of the Mexican state have been on display, as the country has experienced both a peaceful political transition to competitive democracy and a wave of violence as the government has confronted criminal organizations. Do you see Mexico’s institutions as fundamentally strong or fundamentally weak? Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning 9

10. POLITICAL ECONOMY AND DEVELOPMENT  State and Economy  Import Substitution and Its Consequences  Sowing the Oil and Reaping a Crisis  New Strategies: Structural Reforms and NAFTA  The Mexican Economy Today Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning 10 Section 2

11. POLITICAL ECONOMY AND DEVELOPMENT  Society and Economy  Government cutbacks on social expenditures in the early 1980s  Development of a large middle class  Economic crisis of the 1980s Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning 11

12. POLITICAL ECONOMY AND DEVELOPMENT  Environmental Issues  Biodiversity leads to fragile ecosystems  Damaged by insensitive economic development  National park system  Mexico City’s pollution Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning 12

13. POLITICAL ECONOMY AND DEVELOPMENT  Mexico in the Global Economy  1986: Mexico joins the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)  1990s and 2000s: Mexico signs trade pacts with many countries  U.S. recession of 2008 affected Mexico’s economy Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning 13

14. Where Do You Stand? Mexico is recognized by investors as an important emerging economy, but can its development strategy be considered a success when some regions of the country and some economic sectors are being left behind? What can be done to address the disparities being exacerbated by uneven growth? Taking into account the full range of effects that NAFTA has had on Mexico, do you think the free trade agreement has been good or bad for the country? Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning 14

15. GOVERNANCE AND POLICY-MAKING  Organization of the State  Three branches of government  Set of checks and balances limiting the power of each  Congress: Senate and the Chamber of Deputies Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning 15 Section 3

16. GOVERNANCE AND POLICY MAKING  The Executive  The President and the Cabinet  The Bureaucracy  The Parastatal Sector Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning 16

17. GOVERNANCE AND POLICY MAKING  Other State Institutions  The Military  The Judiciary  Subnational Government Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning 17

18. GOVERNANCE AND POLICY MAKING  The Policy-Making Process  President’s sexinio is important for political life  President is the focal point of policy formulation and political management Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning 18

19. Where Do You Stand? Should Mexico lift its constitutional ban on presidential reelection, as a number of other Latin American countries have done in recent years? Would having to face the voters for reelection make officials more accountable, or might allowing them to stay in office for more than one term open the door to a return to authoritarianism? Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning 19

20. Where Do You Stand? With the decline in the deference given to presidential preferences in recent years, more voices have been heard and taken into account as policies have been formulated, but the process has become more contentious and less efficient. On balance then, is it good for Mexico that the authority of the president has diminished over the past two decades? Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning 20

21. REPRESENTATION AND PARTICIPATION  The Legislature  End of 1980s, representation in Congress has become more diverse. Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning 21 Section 4

22. Congressional Representation by Party, 2014 Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning 22

23. REPRESENTATION AND PARTICIPATION  Political Parties and the Party System  The PRI (Mexico’s Institutional Revolutionary Party)  The PAN (National Action Party)  The PRD (Party of the Democratic Revolution) Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning 23

24. REPRESENTATION AND PARTICIPATION  Political Parties and the Party System  Other parties  Citizen’s movement  Labor Party (PT)  Green Party (PVEM)  New Alliance Party (PANAL) Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning 24

25. REPRESENTATION AND PARTICIPATION  Elections  Typical voter for the PRI:  Rural areas or small towns  Less education  Older and poorer  Typical voter for the PAN:  Northern state from an urban area  Middle-class professional  High school or university education Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning 25

26. REPRESENTATION AND PARTICIPATION  Elections  Typical voter for the PRD:  Young  Political activist  Elementary or high school education  Central states in small town and urban areas Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning 26

27. REPRESENTATION AND PARTICIPATION  Political Culture, Citizenship, and Identity  Clientelism  Emphasizes how limited resources can be distributed for maximum political payoff  Role of public opinions and mass media has increased Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning 27

28. REPRESENTATION AND PARTICIPATION  Interests Groups, Social Movements, and Protests  Mexican political system responds to citizens through pragmatic accommodations  Tradition of civil organization  Community and local levels are independent from politics  Urban popular movements Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning 28

29. REPRESENTATION AND PARTICIPATION  The Political Impact of Technology  Young, highly educated, and urban groups used social media  Social media changed the narrative of the 2012 campaign Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning 29

30. Where Do You Stand? Through public funding and guaranteed broadcasting airtime, political parties in Mexico are given a privileged position as recognized vehicles for the representation of citizens’ interests, but increasingly Mexicans are mobilizing for political change outside of party structures, through civil society organizations, popular movements, and social media. How should government policies respond to these developments? Should public funding of political parties be curtailed, or would that simply create an opening for wealthy private interests to exert greater influence in politics? Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning 30

31. MEXICAN POLITICS IN TRANSITION  Political Challenges and Changing Agendas  Struggling to build a democratic and effective political system  Seek to address long-standing inequalities and reconciling a national identity Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning 31 Section 5

32. MEXICAN POLITICS IN TRANSITION  Youth Politics and the Generational Divide  Student movement of 1968: began the questions of legitimacy of PRI rule  Young voters led the democratic transition of 2000 Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning 32

33. MEXICAN POLITICS IN TRANSITION  Mexican Politics in Comparative Perspective  Create equitable and effective democratic government  Integrate into a global economy  Respond to complex social problem  Support increasing diversity while keeping a national identity Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning 33

34. Where Do You Stand? Does Mexico offer lessons for other countries moving from authoritarian forms of governance to more democratic ones? What might Mexico learn from the experience of some of the other countries you are studying? If you were a young person in Mexico today, what issues do you think would be most important to you? Which political party (if any) would you support, and why? Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning 34